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The Norden Mk. XV, known as the Norden M series in U.S. Army service, is a bombsight that was used by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) and the United States Navy during World War II, and the United States Air Force in the Korean and the Vietnam Wars. It was an early tachometric design that directly measured the aircraft's ground speed and direction, which older bombsights could only estimate with lengthy manual procedures. The Norden further improved on older designs by using an analog computer that continuously recalculated the bomb's impact point based on changing flight conditions, and an autopilot that reacted quickly and accurately to changes in the wind or other effects.

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  • Das Norden-Bombenzielgerät war ein Bombenzielgerät, das vor allem im Zweiten Weltkrieg in amerikanischen Bombern zum Einsatz kam. Es galt zu seiner Zeit als die präziseste Zieloptik, mit der je ein strategischer Bomber ausgerüstet worden war und kam in fast allen Horizontalbombern der United States Army Air Forces zum Einsatz, etwa in der Boeing B-17, der B-24 Liberator, der North American B-25, der A-26 Invader oder der Boeing B-29, aber auch in Marineflugzeugen wie der Douglas TBD Devastator. Benannt ist es nach seinem Erfinder Carl Lucas Norden. (de)
  • La mira Norden era un dispositivo usado por la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos de América durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la Guerra de Corea y la Guerra de Vietnam para ayudar a las tripulaciones de los bombarderos a lanzar su carga de forma precisa. Su modo de funcionamiento fue celosamente guardado durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. (es)
  • The Norden Mk. XV, known as the Norden M series in U.S. Army service, is a bombsight that was used by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) and the United States Navy during World War II, and the United States Air Force in the Korean and the Vietnam Wars. It was an early tachometric design that directly measured the aircraft's ground speed and direction, which older bombsights could only estimate with lengthy manual procedures. The Norden further improved on older designs by using an analog computer that continuously recalculated the bomb's impact point based on changing flight conditions, and an autopilot that reacted quickly and accurately to changes in the wind or other effects. Together, these features promised unprecedented accuracy for daytime bombing from high altitudes. During prewar testing the Norden demonstrated a circular error probable (CEP) of 75 feet (23 m), an astonishing performance for that period. This precision would enable direct attacks on ships, factories, and other point targets. Both the Navy and the USAAF saw it as a means to conduct successful high-altitude bombing. For example, an invasion fleet could be destroyed long before it could reach U.S. shores. To protect these advantages, the Norden was granted the utmost secrecy well into the war, and was part of a production effort on a similar scale to the Manhattan Project: the overall cost (both R&D and production) was $1.1 billion, as much as 2/3 of the latter or over a quarter of the production cost of all B-17 bombers. The Norden was not as secret as believed; both the British SABS and German Lotfernrohr 7 worked on similar principles, and details of the Norden had been passed to Germany even before the war started. Under combat conditions the Norden did not achieve its expected precision, yielding an average CEP in 1943 of 1,200 feet (370 m) (a CEP of 1200 feet means 16% of all bombs dropped land within 1000 feet of the target), similar to other Allied and German results. Both the Navy and Air Forces had to give up using pinpoint attacks. The Navy turned to dive bombing and skip bombing to attack ships, while the Air Forces developed the lead bomber procedure to improve accuracy, and adopted area bombing techniques for ever-larger groups of aircraft. Nevertheless, the Norden's reputation as a pin-point device endured, due in no small part to Norden's own advertising of the device after secrecy was reduced late in the war. The Norden saw reduced use in the post–World War II period after radar-based targeting was introduced, but the need for accurate daytime attacks kept it in service, especially during the Korean War. The last combat use of the Norden was in the U.S. Navy's VO-67 squadron, which used it to drop sensors onto the Ho Chi Minh Trail in 1967. The Norden remains one of the best-known bombsights. (en)
  • Le viseur Norden est un viseur de bombardement monté sur les bombardiers américains pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la guerre de Corée et la guerre du Viêt Nam.Sa précision supérieure à celle des autres équipements existants à l'époque lui conférait une portée stratégique et en faisait un secret militaire. (fr)
  • Il Norden è stato un computer elettro-meccanico stabilizzato giroscopicamente, utilizzato a bordo dei bombardieri dall'United States Army Air Forces nel corso della seconda guerra mondiale e successivamente dall'United States Air Force nelle guerre in Vietnam e Corea per individuare il punto esatto in cui sganciare le bombe. Il meccanismo di funzionamento di questo apparecchio venne tenuto in gran segreto dagli Stati Uniti durante tutto il corso della seconda guerra mondiale. Nonostante ciò Herman Lang, una spia tedesca che lavorava nell'industria in cui il Norden veniva prodotto, riuscì a consegnare alcuni progetti del macchinario all'Abwehr nel 1938. Di conseguenza, a partire dal 1942, l'industria tedesca Carl Zeiss cominciò a consegnare alla Luftwaffe apparecchi simili, denominati Lotfernrohr 7. (it)
  • ノルデン爆撃照準器(ノルデンばくげきしょうじゅんき、英: Norden bombsight)は、第二次世界大戦中、アメリカ陸軍航空軍 (USAAF) にて採用されていた、爆撃機の搭乗員が正確に爆弾を投下できる様に援助するための爆撃照準器である。またこの照準器は第二次世界大戦終結直前の1944年まで最高機密として取り扱われていた。 (ja)
  • Прицел Нордена (англ. Norden) — оптический синхронный гиростабилизированный бомбовый прицел. Разработан инженером Карлом Норденом. Первый прототип был готов в 1923 году, производство прицелов началось в 1927 году. В создание прицела было вложено полтора миллиарда долларов; по степени секретности прицел Нордена стоял сразу после атомной бомбы. Выпускался компанией «Carl L. Norden, Incorporated». С 1932 года был выбран в качестве единого авиационного прицела для военно-морской и бомбардировочной авиации США. Значительно превосходил все довоенные авиационные прицелы. За 1932—1957 годы было выпущено около 90000 прицелов, которые устанавливались на самые различные самолёты, в том числе Brewster F2A Buffalo, Vought SB2U Vindicator, North American B-25 Mitchell, Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, В-29 Superfortress и B-47 Stratojet. Теоретически прицел позволял при скорости самолёта свыше 500 км/ч с высоты 6 км попадать в тридцатиметровый круг. На практике такая точность не достигалась. В СССР прицел производился под индексом ОПБ-4С и устанавливался на самолёт Ту-4. Более подробно об этом изделии можно узнать в англоязычном разделе Википедии. (ru)
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  • Das Norden-Bombenzielgerät war ein Bombenzielgerät, das vor allem im Zweiten Weltkrieg in amerikanischen Bombern zum Einsatz kam. Es galt zu seiner Zeit als die präziseste Zieloptik, mit der je ein strategischer Bomber ausgerüstet worden war und kam in fast allen Horizontalbombern der United States Army Air Forces zum Einsatz, etwa in der Boeing B-17, der B-24 Liberator, der North American B-25, der A-26 Invader oder der Boeing B-29, aber auch in Marineflugzeugen wie der Douglas TBD Devastator. Benannt ist es nach seinem Erfinder Carl Lucas Norden. (de)
  • La mira Norden era un dispositivo usado por la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos de América durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la Guerra de Corea y la Guerra de Vietnam para ayudar a las tripulaciones de los bombarderos a lanzar su carga de forma precisa. Su modo de funcionamiento fue celosamente guardado durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. (es)
  • Le viseur Norden est un viseur de bombardement monté sur les bombardiers américains pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la guerre de Corée et la guerre du Viêt Nam.Sa précision supérieure à celle des autres équipements existants à l'époque lui conférait une portée stratégique et en faisait un secret militaire. (fr)
  • ノルデン爆撃照準器(ノルデンばくげきしょうじゅんき、英: Norden bombsight)は、第二次世界大戦中、アメリカ陸軍航空軍 (USAAF) にて採用されていた、爆撃機の搭乗員が正確に爆弾を投下できる様に援助するための爆撃照準器である。またこの照準器は第二次世界大戦終結直前の1944年まで最高機密として取り扱われていた。 (ja)
  • The Norden Mk. XV, known as the Norden M series in U.S. Army service, is a bombsight that was used by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) and the United States Navy during World War II, and the United States Air Force in the Korean and the Vietnam Wars. It was an early tachometric design that directly measured the aircraft's ground speed and direction, which older bombsights could only estimate with lengthy manual procedures. The Norden further improved on older designs by using an analog computer that continuously recalculated the bomb's impact point based on changing flight conditions, and an autopilot that reacted quickly and accurately to changes in the wind or other effects. (en)
  • Il Norden è stato un computer elettro-meccanico stabilizzato giroscopicamente, utilizzato a bordo dei bombardieri dall'United States Army Air Forces nel corso della seconda guerra mondiale e successivamente dall'United States Air Force nelle guerre in Vietnam e Corea per individuare il punto esatto in cui sganciare le bombe. (it)
  • Прицел Нордена (англ. Norden) — оптический синхронный гиростабилизированный бомбовый прицел. Разработан инженером Карлом Норденом. Первый прототип был готов в 1923 году, производство прицелов началось в 1927 году. В создание прицела было вложено полтора миллиарда долларов; по степени секретности прицел Нордена стоял сразу после атомной бомбы. Теоретически прицел позволял при скорости самолёта свыше 500 км/ч с высоты 6 км попадать в тридцатиметровый круг. На практике такая точность не достигалась. В СССР прицел производился под индексом ОПБ-4С и устанавливался на самолёт Ту-4. (ru)
rdfs:label
  • Norden-Bombenzielgerät (de)
  • Mira Norden (es)
  • Viseur Norden (fr)
  • Sistema di puntamento Norden (it)
  • ノルデン爆撃照準器 (ja)
  • Norden bombsight (en)
  • Бомбовый прицел «Норден» (ru)
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