| p:abstract
| - Nora Barnacle (March 1884 – April 10 1951) was the lover, companion, inspiration, and — eventually — wife of author James Joyce.
Barnacle was born in Connemara, County Galway, Ireland, but the day of her birth is uncertain. Depending on the source, it varies between the 21st and the 24th of March of 1884. Her father Thomas, a baker in Connemara, was an illiterate man who was 38 years old when Nora was born. Her mother, Annie Honoraria Healy, was 28 and worked as dressmaker.
Between 1886 and 1889, Nora was sent to live with her maternal grandmother. During these years, she started her studies at a convent and, in 1891, graduated from a national school. In 1896, Nora completed her schooling and began to work as a porteress and laundress. In the same year, her mother threw her father out for drinking and the couple separated. Nora went to live with her mother and her uncle, Tom Healy, in Bowling Green Street, Galway City.
In 1896, Nora fell in love with a teenager named Michael Feeney, who died soon after of typhoid and pneumonia. In a dramatic but unrelated coincidence, another boy loved by Nora died in 1900, garnering her the name of "man-killer" from her friends. It was rumored that she sought solace from her friend, budding English theatre starlet, Laura London; who also introduced her to a Protestant named Willie Mulvagh. In 1903, she was sent away after her uncle learned of the affair and dubious friendship. She went to Dublin where she worked as chambermaid at Finn's Hotel.
While in Dublin, she met Joyce on June 10 1904, but it was not until June 16 1904 that they had their first romantic liaison. This date would later be chosen as the setting for Joyce's novel Ulysses, and has come to be known and celebrated around the world as Bloomsday.
The nature of the initial meeting between Nora Barnacle and James Joyce remains controversial, as some claim that Nora instigated physical stimulation, whereas others maintain that this first meeting was chaste. It is unlikely that any one camp will ever have the final say in this debate, and Joyce's erotic correspondence to Nora has muddled the story somewhat.
In any event, the 1904 rendezvous began a long relationship that eventually led to marriage in 1931 (some say to appease Joyce's dying father) and continued until Joyce's death.
Nora and James' relationship was very complex. They had different personalities, tastes and cultural interests. At the beginning they loved each other passionately and deeply, as witnessed by the sensual epistolary correspondence between them. James seems to have admired and trusted her totally. Nora was well-disposed towards James, and seems to have tried to accommodate him. In anticipation of his move to Paris, Nora began studying French. Nora used to cook English puddings at Joyce's request and acquiesced in following him during his travels. (en)
- Nora Barnacle (* am 21. oder 22. März 1884 in Galway/Irland; † 10. April 1951 in Zürich) war die Lebensgefährtin und spätere Ehefrau des Schriftstellers James Joyce. Sie gilt als Vorbild der Molly Bloom im Ulysses, dem Hauptwerk von James Joyce. Ihr Leben diente als Vorlage für den Film Nora aus dem Jahre 1999/2000. (de)
- Nora Barnacle (Marzo 1884, 10 aprile 1951) fu l'amante, la compagna e infine la moglie dello scrittore James Joyce.
Incontratisi il 10 giugno 1904, la loro relazione sentimentale iniziò il successivo 16 giugno. Quest'ultima data venne poi scelta da Joyce per ambientarvi il romanzo Ulisse (Ulysses), e diverrà successivamente famosa e celebrata in tutto il mondo come "Il giorno di Bloom". Ad oggi rimane oggetto di acceso dibatto la vera natura dell'incontro tra la Barnacle e Joyce: alcuni asseriscono che Nora cercasse un'avventura a sfondo erotico, altri sostengono invece che l'appuntamento fu casto. Verosimilmente la questione non sarà mai risolta in un senso o nell'altro.
Sul finire del 1904, la Barnacle e Joyce lasciarono l'Irlanda alla volta dell'Europa, accasandosi infine a Trieste.
Nora ebbe due figli da Joyce: Giorgio (Trieste, 27 luglio 1905 - Costanza, 12 giugno 1976) e Lucia (Trieste, 26 luglio 1907 - Northampton, 12 agosto 1982)
Sposò Joyce il 4 luglio 1931.
Nel 1988, Brenda Maddox scrisse la sua biografia (intitolata Nora), a sua volta tradotta, nel 2000, in un film con protagonisti Susan Lynch ed Ewan McGregor.
Nora Barnacle morì a Zurigo il 10 aprile 1951.
Nel 2004, una lettera a sfondo erotico scrittale da Joyce nell'inverno del 1909 è stata venduta all'asta da Sotheby's per la cifra di 360.000 euro. (it)
- Nora Joyce z d. Barnacle (ur. w marcu 1884 w Connemara w irlandzkim hrabstwie Galway, zm. 10 kwietnia 1951 w Zurichu) – długoletnia konkubina, następnie żona Jamesa Joyce'a. Pierwowzór postaci Molly Bloom, postaci z powieści Ulisses. Niewykształcona (naukę w szkole zakonnej przerwała w wieku 13 lat), nie była dla męża partnerką intelektualną – tym niemniej związek ich był udany i trwały. (pl)
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| rdfs:comment
| - Nora Barnacle (March 1884 – April 10 1951) was the lover, companion, inspiration, and — eventually — wife of author James Joyce. (en)
- Nora Barnacle (* am 21. oder 22. März 1884 in Galway/Irland; † 10. April 1951 in Zürich) war die Lebensgefährtin und spätere Ehefrau des Schriftstellers James Joyce. Sie gilt als Vorbild der Molly Bloom im Ulysses, dem Hauptwerk von James Joyce. Ihr Leben diente als Vorlage für den Film Nora aus dem Jahre 1999/2000. (de)
- Nora Barnacle (Marzo 1884, 10 aprile 1951) fu l'amante, la compagna e infine la moglie dello scrittore James Joyce. (it)
- Nora Joyce z d. Barnacle (ur. w marcu 1884 w Connemara w irlandzkim hrabstwie Galway, zm. 10 kwietnia 1951 w Zurichu) – długoletnia konkubina, następnie żona Jamesa Joyce'a. Pierwowzór postaci Molly Bloom, postaci z powieści Ulisses. Niewykształcona (naukę w szkole zakonnej przerwała w wieku 13 lat), nie była dla męża partnerką intelektualną – tym niemniej związek ich był udany i trwały. (pl)
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