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- Moral statistics most narrowly refers to numerical data generally considered to be indicative of social pathology in groups of people. Examples include statistics on crimes (against persons and property), illiteracy, suicide, illegitimacy, abortion, divorce, prostitution, and the economic situation sometimes called pauperism in the 19th century. The gathering of anything that might be called social statistics is often dated from John Graunt’s (1662)analysis of the London Bills of Mortality, which tabulated birth and death data collected by London parishes. The beginnings of the systematic collection of population statistics (now called demography) occurred in the mid-18th century, often attributed to Johann Peter Süssmilch in 1741. Data on moral variables began to be collected and disseminated by various state agencies (most notably in France and Britain) in the early 19th century, and were widely used in debates about social reform. The first major work on this topic was the Essay on moral statistics of France byAndré-Michel Guerry in 1833. In this book, Guerry presented thematic maps of the departments of France, shaded according to illiteracy, crimes against persons and against property, illegitimacy, donations to the poor and so forth, and used these to ask questions about how such moral variables were related. In Britain this theme was taken up beginning in 1847 by Joseph Fletcher who published several articles on the topic Moral and educational statistics of England and Wales. (en)
- Моральная или нравственная статистика ― числовые данные, на основе которых определяются показатели девиантного поведения среди различных социальных групп. Сюда относятся статистические данные о преступлениях (против личности и собственности), неграмотности, самоубийствах, случаев рождения детей вне брака, абортах, разводах, проституции и массовой бедности. (ru)
- 道德統計（Moral statistics）嚴格上而言指利用數值資料暗示特定群體有病理性的社會成因，包括犯罪率、文盲率、自殺率、私生子出生率、墮胎率、離婚率、賣淫比例，或者19世紀時被稱為「貧窮」的某些經濟問題。 首位集合資料進行社會統計學的人是英國經濟學家約翰·葛蘭特，於1662年針對倫敦病死人口做的統計報告：《死亡表》（Bills of Mortality），為倫敦地區的出生人口與死亡人口列表；1741年，第一份系統化人口調查出現，咸信是由德國牧師（Johann Peter Süssmilch）主持。「道德」作為一種統計變量，在19世紀初期被多個英國和法國的地方政府採用、傳播，廣泛用於社會改革的辯論場中。 第一份討論「道德統計」的作品是法國統計學家（André-Michel Guerry）在1833年的《論法國道德統計》（Essai sur la statistique morale de la France）。書中他利用法國的行政區劃地圖，繪製文盲率、犯罪率（以人數和財富多寡計算）、私生子出生率與窮人與富人的捐獻金額分布，討論與道德變量有關的項目。 在英國，首篇討論道德統計的文章是1847年統計學家約瑟夫·弗萊徹（Joseph Fletcher）的《英格蘭與威爾斯的道德與教育統計》（Moral and educational statistics of England and Wales）。 (zh)
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- Моральная или нравственная статистика ― числовые данные, на основе которых определяются показатели девиантного поведения среди различных социальных групп. Сюда относятся статистические данные о преступлениях (против личности и собственности), неграмотности, самоубийствах, случаев рождения детей вне брака, абортах, разводах, проституции и массовой бедности. (ru)
- Moral statistics most narrowly refers to numerical data generally considered to be indicative of social pathology in groups of people. Examples include statistics on crimes (against persons and property), illiteracy, suicide, illegitimacy, abortion, divorce, prostitution, and the economic situation sometimes called pauperism in the 19th century. In Britain this theme was taken up beginning in 1847 by Joseph Fletcher who published several articles on the topic Moral and educational statistics of England and Wales. (en)
- 道德統計（Moral statistics）嚴格上而言指利用數值資料暗示特定群體有病理性的社會成因，包括犯罪率、文盲率、自殺率、私生子出生率、墮胎率、離婚率、賣淫比例，或者19世紀時被稱為「貧窮」的某些經濟問題。 首位集合資料進行社會統計學的人是英國經濟學家約翰·葛蘭特，於1662年針對倫敦病死人口做的統計報告：《死亡表》（Bills of Mortality），為倫敦地區的出生人口與死亡人口列表；1741年，第一份系統化人口調查出現，咸信是由德國牧師（Johann Peter Süssmilch）主持。「道德」作為一種統計變量，在19世紀初期被多個英國和法國的地方政府採用、傳播，廣泛用於社會改革的辯論場中。 第一份討論「道德統計」的作品是法國統計學家（André-Michel Guerry）在1833年的《論法國道德統計》（Essai sur la statistique morale de la France）。書中他利用法國的行政區劃地圖，繪製文盲率、犯罪率（以人數和財富多寡計算）、私生子出生率與窮人與富人的捐獻金額分布，討論與道德變量有關的項目。 (zh)
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- Moral statistics (en)
- Моральная статистика (ru)
- 道德統計 (zh)
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