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- Melford Elliot Spiro (* 26. April 1920 in Cleveland, Ohio; † 18. Oktober 2014) war ein US-amerikanischer Kulturanthropologe. Melford E. Spiro wurde bekannt für seine Arbeiten über den Westermarck-Effekt und seine Studien über Geschlechterrollen im israelischen Kibbuz (1979). 1975 wurde „Mel“ Spiro in die American Academy of Arts and Sciences gewählt, 1982 in die National Academy of Sciences. (de)
- Melford Elliot Spiro (April 26, 1920 – October 18, 2014) was an American cultural anthropologist specializing in religion and psychological anthropology. He is known for his critiques of the pillars of contemporary anthropological theory—wholesale cultural determinism, radical cultural relativism, and virtually limitless cultural diversity—and for his emphasis on the theoretical importance of unconscious desires and beliefs in the study of stability and change in social and cultural systems, particularly in respect to the family, politics, and religion. Explicated in numerous theoretical publications, they are empirically exemplified in monographs based on his fieldwork in Ifaluk atoll in Micronesia, an Israeli kibbutz, and a village in Burma (now Myanmar). He was a significant figure in a series of debates over cultural relativism and postmodern theory among American cultural anthropologists in the 1980s and early 1990s, in which he consistently argued for the importance of the comparative method and the appreciation of universal cultural and psychological processes. Spiro received his B.A. from the University of Minnesota in 1942, where he majored in philosophy, following which he studied at the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York City. Having developed an interest in culture theory, he explored this interest through enrolling in the anthropology department at Northwestern University, where he worked with Melville Herskovits and A. Irving Hallowell, and received his PhD in 1950. He taught at Washington University in St. Louis, University of Connecticut, University of Washington, and University of Chicago before moving In 1968 to the University of California, San Diego where he was a founding member of the anthropology department. He received postgraduate training in psychoanalysis at the San Diego Psychoanalytic Center and practiced as a lay analyst, additionally overseeing a course series at UCSD that exposed graduate students in anthropology to psychiatric training. Spiro became professor emeritus at UCSD in 1990, but continued teaching for another decade. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He served terms as president of the American Ethnological Society and the Society for Psychological Anthropology (SPA) and was one of the founders of the SPA's journal, Ethos. Mel Spiro was married for 62 years to Audrey Spiro, with whom he had two sons. He died in La Jolla, CA, in October 2014 of natural causes. (en)
- Melford Elliot "Mel" Spiro (26 April 1920 – 18 Oktober 2014) adalah seorang antropolog budaya Amerika yang berspesialisasi dalam antropologi agama dan antropologi psikologis. Ia dikenal karena kritiknya terhadap pilar teori antropologi kontemporer—determinisme budaya grosir, relativisme budaya radikal, dan keragaman budaya hampir tak terbatas—dan untuk penekanannya dalam kepentingan teoretis dari keinginan dan kepercayaan bawah sadar dalam studi stabilitas dan perubahan dalam sistem sosial dan budaya, khususnya dalam hal keluarga, politik, dan agama. Dijelaskan dalam berbagai publikasi teoretis, mereka secara empiris dicontohkan dalam monografi yang berdasarkan pada penelitian lapangannya di atol Mikronesia, sebuah kibbutz Israel, dan sebuah pedesaan di Burma (sekarang Myanmar). (in)
- メルフォード・スパイロ（Melford Elliot Spiro、1920年4月26日 - 2014年10月18日）は、アメリカ合衆国の文化人類学者である。彼は、ウェスターマーク効果に関するキブツの研究で知られている。1950年にペンシルベニア大学で博士号を取得して、のちにハーバード大学、カリフォルニア大学サンディエゴ校で人類学の教授を務めた。 (ja)
- Melford Elliot Spiro (Cleveland, 26 aprile 1920 – 18 ottobre 2014) è stato un antropologo e storico delle religioni statunitense. Professore all'University of Connecticut, all'University of Washington, all'Università di Chicago e infine all'University of California (San Diego), dove ha fondato il Dipartimento di antropologia. (it)
- Melford Elliot Spiro (ur. 26 kwietnia 1920 w Ohio, zm. 18 października 2014 w La Jolla) – amerykański antropolog kulturowy. (pl)
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- Melford Elliot Spiro (* 26. April 1920 in Cleveland, Ohio; † 18. Oktober 2014) war ein US-amerikanischer Kulturanthropologe. Melford E. Spiro wurde bekannt für seine Arbeiten über den Westermarck-Effekt und seine Studien über Geschlechterrollen im israelischen Kibbuz (1979). 1975 wurde „Mel“ Spiro in die American Academy of Arts and Sciences gewählt, 1982 in die National Academy of Sciences. (de)
- Melford Elliot "Mel" Spiro (26 April 1920 – 18 Oktober 2014) adalah seorang antropolog budaya Amerika yang berspesialisasi dalam antropologi agama dan antropologi psikologis. Ia dikenal karena kritiknya terhadap pilar teori antropologi kontemporer—determinisme budaya grosir, relativisme budaya radikal, dan keragaman budaya hampir tak terbatas—dan untuk penekanannya dalam kepentingan teoretis dari keinginan dan kepercayaan bawah sadar dalam studi stabilitas dan perubahan dalam sistem sosial dan budaya, khususnya dalam hal keluarga, politik, dan agama. Dijelaskan dalam berbagai publikasi teoretis, mereka secara empiris dicontohkan dalam monografi yang berdasarkan pada penelitian lapangannya di atol Mikronesia, sebuah kibbutz Israel, dan sebuah pedesaan di Burma (sekarang Myanmar). (in)
- メルフォード・スパイロ（Melford Elliot Spiro、1920年4月26日 - 2014年10月18日）は、アメリカ合衆国の文化人類学者である。彼は、ウェスターマーク効果に関するキブツの研究で知られている。1950年にペンシルベニア大学で博士号を取得して、のちにハーバード大学、カリフォルニア大学サンディエゴ校で人類学の教授を務めた。 (ja)
- Melford Elliot Spiro (Cleveland, 26 aprile 1920 – 18 ottobre 2014) è stato un antropologo e storico delle religioni statunitense. Professore all'University of Connecticut, all'University of Washington, all'Università di Chicago e infine all'University of California (San Diego), dove ha fondato il Dipartimento di antropologia. (it)
- Melford Elliot Spiro (ur. 26 kwietnia 1920 w Ohio, zm. 18 października 2014 w La Jolla) – amerykański antropolog kulturowy. (pl)
- Melford Elliot Spiro (April 26, 1920 – October 18, 2014) was an American cultural anthropologist specializing in religion and psychological anthropology. He is known for his critiques of the pillars of contemporary anthropological theory—wholesale cultural determinism, radical cultural relativism, and virtually limitless cultural diversity—and for his emphasis on the theoretical importance of unconscious desires and beliefs in the study of stability and change in social and cultural systems, particularly in respect to the family, politics, and religion. Explicated in numerous theoretical publications, they are empirically exemplified in monographs based on his fieldwork in Ifaluk atoll in Micronesia, an Israeli kibbutz, and a village in Burma (now Myanmar). (en)
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