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- Das Maryland-Toleranz-Gesetz (engl. Maryland Toleration Act), das 1649 in der englischen Kolonie Province of Maryland in Kraft trat, war eines der ersten Gesetze, das ausdrücklich andere (christliche) Konfessionen als die Kirche von England tolerierte. Es gilt als Vorläufer des 1. Zusatzartikels zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten. Aufgrund der Vielzahl der christlichen Bekenntnisse, die bereits im 17. Jahrhundert in den amerikanischen Kolonien anzutreffen waren, war eine derartige Toleranzpolitik eigentlich unumgänglich. Cæcilius Calvert, 2. Baron Baltimore, der katholische Lord Proprietor der Province of Maryland gilt als Urheber des Edikts. Als Gouverneur für Maryland setzte er nach Unruhen in der Provinz 1648 William Stone ein, der in seinem Auftrag am 21. April 1649 dieses religiöse Toleranzedikt verfügte. In Reaktion auf das Edikt kam es zu erneuter Rebellion in der Provinz, Puritaner rissen die Macht in Maryland an sich. Erst 1657 wurde Calvert wieder in seine Rechte eingesetzt und das Toleranzedikt von 1649 erneuert. (de)
- The Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, the first law in North America requiring religious tolerance for Christians. It was passed on April 21, 1649, by the assembly of the Maryland colony, in St. Mary's City in St. Mary's County, Maryland. It created one of the pioneer statutes passed by the legislative body of an organized colonial government to guarantee any degree of religious liberty. Specifically, the bill, now usually referred to as the Toleration Act, granted freedom of conscience to all Christians. (The colony which became Rhode Island passed a series of laws, the first in 1636, which prohibited religious persecution including against non-Trinitarians; Rhode Island was also the first government to separate church and state.) Historians argue that it helped inspire later legal protections for freedom of religion in the United States. The Calvert family, who founded Maryland partly as a refuge for English Catholics, sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and those of other religions that did not conform to the dominant Anglicanism of Britain and her colonies. The Act allowed freedom of worship for all Trinitarian Christians in Maryland, but sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus. It was revoked in 1654 by William Claiborne, a Virginian who had been appointed as a commissioner by Oliver Cromwell; he was an Anglican, a Puritan sympathizer, and strongly hostile to the Catholic Religion. When the Calverts regained control of Maryland, the Act was reinstated, before being repealed permanently in 1692 following the events of the Glorious Revolution, and the Protestant Revolution in Maryland. As the first law on religious tolerance in the British North America, it influenced related laws in other colonies and portions of it were echoed in the writing of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which enshrined religious freedom in American law. The Maryland colony was founded by Cecil Calvert in 1634. Like his father George Calvert, who had originated the efforts that led to the colony's charter, Cecil Calvert was Catholic at a time when England was dominated by the Anglican Church. The Calverts intended the colony as a haven for Catholics fleeing England and as a source of income for themselves and their descendants. Many of Maryland's first settlers were Catholic, including at least two Catholic priests, one of whom became the earliest chronicler of the colony's history. But whatever Calvert's intentions, Maryland was a colony of an Anglican nation. Its charter had been granted by an Anglican king and seems to have assumed that the Church of England would be its official church. Anglican and later Puritan newcomers quickly came to outnumber the early Catholic settlers. Thus, by 1649 when the law was passed, the colonial assembly was dominated by Protestants, and the law was in effect an act of Protestant tolerance for Catholics, rather than the reverse. From Maryland's earliest days, Cecil Calvert had enjoined its colonists to leave religious rivalries behind. Along with giving instructions on the establishment and defense of the colony, he asked the men he appointed to lead it to ensure peace between Protestants and Catholics. He also asked the Catholics to practice their faith as privately as possible, so as not to disturb that peace. The Ordinance of 1639, Maryland's earliest comprehensive law, expressed a general commitment to the rights of man, but did not specifically detail protections for religious minorities of any kind. Peace prevailed until the English Civil War, which opened religious rifts and threatened Calvert's control of Maryland. In 1647, after the death of Governor Leonard Calvert, Protestants seized control of the colony. Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, quickly regained power, but recognized that religious tolerance not specifically enshrined in law was vulnerable. This recognition was combined with the arrival of a group of Puritans whom Calvert had induced to establish Providence, now Annapolis, by guaranteeing their freedom of worship. Partially to confirm the promises he made to them, Calvert wrote the Maryland Toleration Act and encouraged the colonial assembly to pass it. They did so on April 21, 1649. (en)
- Undang-undang Toleransi Maryland, juga dikenal sebagai Undang- Undang Tentang Agama, adalah toleransi beragama bagi orang Kristen Trinitarian . Itu disahkan pada 21 April 1649, oleh majelis koloni Maryland, di . Itu adalah undang-undang kedua yang mewajibkan toleransi beragama di koloni Inggris di Amerika Utara dan menciptakan salah satu undang-undang perintis yang disahkan oleh badan legislatif dari pemerintah kolonial yang terorganisir untuk menjamin tingkat kebebasan beragama apa pun. Secara khusus, RUU tersebut, yang sekarang biasanya disebut sebagai Undang-Undang Toleransi, memberikan kebebasan hati nurani kepada semua orang Kristen. (Koloni yang menjadi Rhode Island mengeluarkan serangkaian undang-undang, yang pertama pada tahun 1636, yang melarang penganiayaan agama termasuk terhadap non-Trinitarian; Rhode Island juga merupakan pemerintah pertama yang memisahkan gereja dan negara. ) Para sejarawan berpendapat bahwa itu membantu menginspirasi perlindungan hukum di kemudian hari untuk kebebasan beragama di Amerika Serikat. Keluarga Calvert, yang mendirikan Maryland sebagian sebagai tempat perlindungan bagi umat Katolik Inggris, meminta diberlakukannya undang-undang untuk melindungi pemukim Katolik dan pemeluk agama lain yang tidak sesuai dengan Anglikanisme dominan di Inggris dan koloninya. Undang-undang tersebut mengizinkan kebebasan beribadah bagi semua orang Kristen Trinitarian di Maryland, tetapi menghukum mati siapa saja yang menyangkal keilahian Yesus. Itu dicabut pada 1654 oleh , seorang Virginian yang telah ditunjuk sebagai komisaris oleh Oliver Cromwell ; dia adalah seorang Anglikan, seorang simpatisan Puritan, dan sangat memusuhi Agama Katolik. Ketika Calverts mendapatkan kembali kendali atas Maryland, Undang-undang itu dipulihkan, sebelum dicabut secara permanen pada tahun 1692 setelah peristiwa Revolusi Agung, dan di Maryland. Sebagai undang-undang pertama tentang toleransi beragama di Inggris Amerika Utara, undang-undang tersebut memengaruhi undang-undang terkait di koloni lain dan sebagian darinya digaungkan dalam penulisan Amandemen Pertama Konstitusi Amerika Serikat, yang mengabadikan kebebasan beragama dalam hukum Amerika. (in)
- L'Atto di Tolleranza del Maryland, anche conosciuto "Atto sulla Religione", era una legge che consentiva tolleranza verso i cristiani che riconoscevano come vero il dogma della Trinità. Approvata il 21 settembre 1649 dall'assemblea della provincia del Maryland, era la seconda legge che trattava il tema della tolleranza religiosa fra le colonie britanniche del Nord America e la prima nel mondo contro la discriminazione d'opinione. La prima legge concernente la materia religiosa fra le colonie nordamericane fu invece approvata nel Rhode Island, 1636, la quale proibiva persecuzioni a sfondo religioso, inclusi gli unitariani. Il Rhode Island fu anche la prima colonia a separare Stato e Chiesa. Gli storici ancora oggi dibattono se questo atto abbia o no influenzato la libertà di religione che venne legiferata in seguito con la creazione degli Stati Uniti d'America. La famiglia Calvert, che fondò il Maryland principalmente come rifugio per cattolici inglesi, era indirizzata a creare un corpo di leggi che proteggesse i coloni cattolici o comunque tutti coloro che non si conformavano all'anglicanesimo, all'epoca dominante nel Regno d'Inghilterra e nelle sue colonie. (it)
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- Das Maryland-Toleranz-Gesetz (engl. Maryland Toleration Act), das 1649 in der englischen Kolonie Province of Maryland in Kraft trat, war eines der ersten Gesetze, das ausdrücklich andere (christliche) Konfessionen als die Kirche von England tolerierte. Es gilt als Vorläufer des 1. Zusatzartikels zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten. (de)
- The Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, the first law in North America requiring religious tolerance for Christians. It was passed on April 21, 1649, by the assembly of the Maryland colony, in St. Mary's City in St. Mary's County, Maryland. It created one of the pioneer statutes passed by the legislative body of an organized colonial government to guarantee any degree of religious liberty. Specifically, the bill, now usually referred to as the Toleration Act, granted freedom of conscience to all Christians. (The colony which became Rhode Island passed a series of laws, the first in 1636, which prohibited religious persecution including against non-Trinitarians; Rhode Island was also the first government to separate church and state.) Historians argue that it (en)
- Undang-undang Toleransi Maryland, juga dikenal sebagai Undang- Undang Tentang Agama, adalah toleransi beragama bagi orang Kristen Trinitarian . Itu disahkan pada 21 April 1649, oleh majelis koloni Maryland, di . Itu adalah undang-undang kedua yang mewajibkan toleransi beragama di koloni Inggris di Amerika Utara dan menciptakan salah satu undang-undang perintis yang disahkan oleh badan legislatif dari pemerintah kolonial yang terorganisir untuk menjamin tingkat kebebasan beragama apa pun. Secara khusus, RUU tersebut, yang sekarang biasanya disebut sebagai Undang-Undang Toleransi, memberikan kebebasan hati nurani kepada semua orang Kristen. (Koloni yang menjadi Rhode Island mengeluarkan serangkaian undang-undang, yang pertama pada tahun 1636, yang melarang penganiayaan agama termasuk terhad (in)
- L'Atto di Tolleranza del Maryland, anche conosciuto "Atto sulla Religione", era una legge che consentiva tolleranza verso i cristiani che riconoscevano come vero il dogma della Trinità. Approvata il 21 settembre 1649 dall'assemblea della provincia del Maryland, era la seconda legge che trattava il tema della tolleranza religiosa fra le colonie britanniche del Nord America e la prima nel mondo contro la discriminazione d'opinione. La prima legge concernente la materia religiosa fra le colonie nordamericane fu invece approvata nel Rhode Island, 1636, la quale proibiva persecuzioni a sfondo religioso, inclusi gli unitariani. Il Rhode Island fu anche la prima colonia a separare Stato e Chiesa. Gli storici ancora oggi dibattono se questo atto abbia o no influenzato la libertà di religione che v (it)
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