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- Local governments in the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) consisted of three levels of administrative divisions: provinces (cishibu 刺史部, or zhou), commanderies (jun) and counties (xian). The early Han dynasty inherited a two-tiered system of government composed of commanderies and counties from the Warring States (5th century BC – 221 BC) and the Qin dynasty (221 BC – 206 BC), while 13 provinces were created on top of the existing hierarchy in 106 BC. In each province, the central government assigned an Inspector (cishi, 刺史) to audit the administration of commanderies and kingdoms, from 106 BC to 1 BC and from 42 AD to 188 AD. In other periods, the position was replaced by a Governor (mu, 牧, literally "shepherd"), a higher-ranked official. A commandery was under a Commandery Administrator (junshou, 郡守, before 148 BC) or a Grand Administrator (taishou, 太守, after 148 BC). A county was governed by a Magistrate (ling, 令, for larger counties) or a Chief (zhang, 長, for smaller counties), who were the lowest local officials directly appointed by the central government. A special type of county, known as march (dao, 道), was used to administer certain areas with "barbarian" populations, especially on the frontiers of the empire. In early Han dynasty, chief followers and relatives of the emperor were granted kingdoms. However, independence of the kings gradually diminished. After the failed Rebellion of the Seven States, drastic measures were instated to limit the power of the kings. From 145 BC onward, the central government controlled the appointment of all important officials in the kingdoms. Larger kingdoms were divided, and eventually the government of a kingdom became identical to that of a commandery. For example, the Chancellor (xiang, 相) was equivalent to a Grand Administrator. Similarly, marquessates were administered in the same way as counties. By the end of the Western Han dynasty, the empire had 103 kingdoms and commanderies, as well as 1,587 counties. The Eastern Han census in 140 AD documented 99 kingdoms and commanderies, and 1,179 counties. (en)
- この項では中国漢代（前漢・後漢）の地方制度を概観する。 (ja)
- 漢朝初年，漢高祖劉邦封異姓王七人。但由於對功臣的猜忌，不久又相繼削除，同時大封同姓諸侯，這些王國「大者或五六郡，連城數十，置百官宮觀，僭于天子」。地方王國勢力的強大導致中央政府所實際控制的區域萎縮。吕后時期，增加外戚諸侯王。到文帝時期又紛紛剷除，增加劉氏諸侯王。但是地方王國勢力的膨脹已經對中央政府構成嚴重威脅。漢文帝接受賈誼的建議，用分地的方法削弱諸侯的勢力。漢景帝即位後採納晁錯的建議，直接縮減王國的封地，引發諸侯王的強烈反彈，導致吳楚七國之亂爆發，但未幾就宣告失敗。漢武帝後，採納主父偃的建議，推行推恩令，規定諸侯王位由嫡子即位，而餘子皆分一縣或一鄉的土地。因此王國不斷縮小，漢郡不斷擴大，加上邊郡的開擴，漢朝中央政府對地方的控制力日益加強。同時，政府將大量面積較大郡予以分割。到漢平帝元始二年（公元2年），共有郡國103個，轄縣、侯國、邑、道等縣級政區1587個。 「州」作為行政區劃，在西漢時期萌芽，到東漢宣告形成。武帝元封五年（前106年），始在郡之上又設十三行部，每部派一刺史，每個行部管轄若干郡（國）。但此時的行部是監察區，還不是真正意義上的行政區。東漢末年，地方多事。靈帝中平五年（189年），朝廷選重臣出任刺史，稱州牧，掌一州軍民。州從監察區變為行政區。至此，中國地方行政由原本的郡縣兩級制度變為州郡縣三級制。 十三個州部為：司隸校尉部（治雒陽）、徐州刺史部（治剡縣）、青州刺史部（治臨淄）、豫州刺史部（治譙縣）、冀州刺史部（治高邑）、并州刺史部（治晉陽）、幽州刺史部（治薊縣）、兗州刺史部（治昌邑）、涼州刺史部（治隴縣）、益州刺史部（治雒縣）、荊州刺史部（治漢壽）、揚州刺史部（治歷陽）和交州刺史部（治龍編）獻帝興平元年（194年），又分涼州置雍州刺史部。則至漢亡，全國有十四州。 (zh)
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