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- The kitamaebune (北前船, "northern-bound ships") was a shipping route (and also the ships involved) in Japan from the Edo period to the Meiji era. The route went from Osaka through the Seto Inland Sea and the Kanmon Straits to ports in Hokuriku on the Sea of Japan and later to Hokkaidō. Kaga Domain, which sold about 70,000 koku of rice every year in Osaka, succeeded in sending 100 koku by boat through this route in 1639. The Tokugawa shogunate also received rice from Dewa Province through merchant in 1672, but it is thought to be a response from these ships. Japanese ships at the time normally could make only one trip per year, but with the arrival of Western schooners in the Meiji era, ships were able to make up to four trips annually. The Meiji Restoration also brought the end of the feudal system and the introduction of the telegraph, removing gaps between regional markets and making it difficult for the shipping routes to make large profits. The national construction of railroads further led to the end of the kitamaebune. Currently, the Shin Nihonkai Ferry is sometimes called the modern kitamaebune, with stops along the old route at Maizuru, Niigata, Akita, Tomakomai, Hokkaidō, and Otaru. (en)
- 北前船（きたまえぶね）とは、江戸時代から明治時代にかけて日本海海運で活躍した、主に買積みの北国廻船（かいせん）の名称。買積み廻船とは商品を預かって運送をするのではなく、航行する船主自体が商品を買い、それを売買することで利益を上げる廻船のことを指す。当初は近江商人が主導権を握っていたが、後に船主が主体となって貿易を行うようになる。上りでは対馬海流に抗して、北陸以北の日本海沿岸諸港から下関を経由して瀬戸内海の大坂に向かう航路（下りはこの逆）及び、この航路を行きかう船のことである。西廻り航路（西廻海運）の通称でも知られ、航路は後に蝦夷地（北海道・樺太）にまで延長された。 (ja)
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