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- By around 788 BCE, a large settlement had been established on the northern bank of the Merbok River. The settlement was one of several in the Bujang Valley, covering the Merbok and Muda Rivers, about 1000 square miles. The Merbok settlement was built near the estuary of the tributary river, the Sungai Batu. Around 170 CE groups of Hindu faith arrived at Kedah, joining them soon were peoples from nearby islands and from the northern Mon-Khmer region. At the same time traders from India, Persia and Arab, arrived the brink of the Malacca Strait, using Gunung Jerai the Kedah Peak as marking point. Ancient Kedah covered the areas of Kuala Kedah, Kuala Bara, Kuala Pila and Merpah. Early west-coast trade centres are few in number as they were overshadowed by Kedah. Her nearness to the entrances to the Straits of Malacca — and more importantly — being on latitude 6° north of the equator, the same as Ceylon to the south of India, meant that ships sailing the Bay of Bengal in a sea lane heading due east or west between the two were in little danger of becoming lost. The early transpeninsular routeway is part of the sea trade route of the Spice Route for Arab, Persian, Tamil Nadu and India-to-China traders, as the route through the Straits does not seem to have been in general use. Early sea traders from the west, upon reaching the coast, engaged porters to transport goods by raft, elephant and man-carry along the rivers (Kelantan River, Pattani River, Pahang River, Muda River, Bernam River, Muar River, and others) to the opposite coast. The Sungai Muda in particular favoured the development of Kedah. After the 7th century, Srivijaya subjugated Kedah, but due to her fame, Indian sources continue to depict Kedah. Early Kedah also supplied its own tin, and jungle products such as rattan, resin, honey, beeswax, elephants, ivory, areca nuts, sepang wood and black woods, as well as profiting from tax collections. The early history of Kedah can be traced from various sources, from the prehistoric period to the archaeological site of Bujang Valley, the early maritime trade of India, Persia, and the Arabs to the written works of early Chinese pilgrims and early Chinese records, the Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (known as Kedah Annals) to Al-Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah. (en)
- 古吉打王國或老吉打王朝(Kedah Tua)是位於馬來半島著名的早期王國之一。它在古代印度文獻也被稱為逝陀訶或羯荼訶(Kataha, Kalagam, Kadaram, Kedaram, Kidaram和Kalagram)；暹羅人稱為Sa；阿拉伯人則稱為Kalah或Kalah Bar。根據唐代高僧義淨的《大唐西域求法高僧傳》，也稱為羯荼(Cheh-Cha/ Chieh-Cha/ Kaccha)。 5世紀成立的古老王國。早期，（Sungai Mas）是一個重要的港口，後來轉移到畔的(Lembah Bujang)。古吉打受佛教影響，隨後受印度教影響，位於布章谷的寺廟可以證明。布章谷是整個馬來西亞最豐富的考古遺址。 日萊峰(Gunung Jerai)有領港員引導停靠布章谷的雙溪馬士港口。古吉打的港口成了來自沙特阿拉伯、印度、斯里蘭卡、波斯和歐洲的水手和商人前往東方前的貨物集散、轉運和修船之地。它也成為了商業中心，當地居民生產各種物產，如錫、金、大米、胡椒、象牙、樹脂、、角等。雖然它是一個沿海王國，可是在平坦的低地地區所生產的大米也很著名。 蘇丹Al-Mutawakil（847-861）在位期間是古吉打王國的黃金時代。事實證明蘇丹Al-Mutawakil的時期發現了銀，那時從印度輸入珍珠和從中東輸入玻璃器皿。 (zh)
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- 古吉打王國或老吉打王朝(Kedah Tua)是位於馬來半島著名的早期王國之一。它在古代印度文獻也被稱為逝陀訶或羯荼訶(Kataha, Kalagam, Kadaram, Kedaram, Kidaram和Kalagram)；暹羅人稱為Sa；阿拉伯人則稱為Kalah或Kalah Bar。根據唐代高僧義淨的《大唐西域求法高僧傳》，也稱為羯荼(Cheh-Cha/ Chieh-Cha/ Kaccha)。 5世紀成立的古老王國。早期，（Sungai Mas）是一個重要的港口，後來轉移到畔的(Lembah Bujang)。古吉打受佛教影響，隨後受印度教影響，位於布章谷的寺廟可以證明。布章谷是整個馬來西亞最豐富的考古遺址。 日萊峰(Gunung Jerai)有領港員引導停靠布章谷的雙溪馬士港口。古吉打的港口成了來自沙特阿拉伯、印度、斯里蘭卡、波斯和歐洲的水手和商人前往東方前的貨物集散、轉運和修船之地。它也成為了商業中心，當地居民生產各種物產，如錫、金、大米、胡椒、象牙、樹脂、、角等。雖然它是一個沿海王國，可是在平坦的低地地區所生產的大米也很著名。 蘇丹Al-Mutawakil（847-861）在位期間是古吉打王國的黃金時代。事實證明蘇丹Al-Mutawakil的時期發現了銀，那時從印度輸入珍珠和從中東輸入玻璃器皿。 (zh)
- By around 788 BCE, a large settlement had been established on the northern bank of the Merbok River. The settlement was one of several in the Bujang Valley, covering the Merbok and Muda Rivers, about 1000 square miles. The Merbok settlement was built near the estuary of the tributary river, the Sungai Batu. Around 170 CE groups of Hindu faith arrived at Kedah, joining them soon were peoples from nearby islands and from the northern Mon-Khmer region. At the same time traders from India, Persia and Arab, arrived the brink of the Malacca Strait, using Gunung Jerai the Kedah Peak as marking point. Ancient Kedah covered the areas of Kuala Kedah, Kuala Bara, Kuala Pila and Merpah. (en)
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