The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist critical theory, social research, and philosophy. The grouping emerged at the Institute for Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung) of the University of Frankfurt am Main in Germany when Max Horkheimer became the Institute's director in 1930. The term "Frankfurt School" is an informal term used to designate the thinkers affiliated with the Institute for Social Research or influenced by them. It is not the title of any institution, and the main thinkers of the Frankfurt School did not use the term to describe themselves. The Frankfurt School gathered together dissident Marxists, severe critics of capitalism who believed that some of Marx's followers had come to parrot a narrow selection of Marx's ideas, usually in defense of orthodox Communist or Social-Democratic parties. Influenced especially by the failure of working-class revolutions in Western Europe after World War I and by the rise of Nazism in an economically, technologically advanced nation, they took up the task of choosing what parts of Marx's thought might serve to clarify social conditions which Marx himself had never seen. They drew on other schools of thought to fill in Marx's perceived omissions. Max Weber exerted a major influence, as did Sigmund Freud . Their emphasis on the "critical" component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism, crude materialism, and phenomenology by returning to Kant's critical philosophy and its successors in German idealism, principally Hegel's philosophy, with its emphasis on negation and contradiction as inherent properties of reality. A key influence also came from the publication in the 1930s of Marx's Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts and The German Ideology, which showed the continuity with Hegelianism that underlay Marx's thought. Marcuse was one of the first to articulate the theoretical significance of these texts. Erich Fromm, an under-represented member of the school, is credited with bringing it a psychoanalytic focus. However, members Adorno and Horkheimer attempted to belittle Fromm's contributions, even though a central theme, "The Authoritarian Character," developed directly from Fromm's research on the subject.

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  • The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist critical theory, social research, and philosophy. The grouping emerged at the Institute for Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung) of the University of Frankfurt am Main in Germany when Max Horkheimer became the Institute's director in 1930. The term "Frankfurt School" is an informal term used to designate the thinkers affiliated with the Institute for Social Research or influenced by them. It is not the title of any institution, and the main thinkers of the Frankfurt School did not use the term to describe themselves. The Frankfurt School gathered together dissident Marxists, severe critics of capitalism who believed that some of Marx's followers had come to parrot a narrow selection of Marx's ideas, usually in defense of orthodox Communist or Social-Democratic parties. Influenced especially by the failure of working-class revolutions in Western Europe after World War I and by the rise of Nazism in an economically, technologically advanced nation, they took up the task of choosing what parts of Marx's thought might serve to clarify social conditions which Marx himself had never seen. They drew on other schools of thought to fill in Marx's perceived omissions. Max Weber exerted a major influence, as did Sigmund Freud . Their emphasis on the "critical" component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism, crude materialism, and phenomenology by returning to Kant's critical philosophy and its successors in German idealism, principally Hegel's philosophy, with its emphasis on negation and contradiction as inherent properties of reality. A key influence also came from the publication in the 1930s of Marx's Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts and The German Ideology, which showed the continuity with Hegelianism that underlay Marx's thought. Marcuse was one of the first to articulate the theoretical significance of these texts. Erich Fromm, an under-represented member of the school, is credited with bringing it a psychoanalytic focus. However, members Adorno and Horkheimer attempted to belittle Fromm's contributions, even though a central theme, "The Authoritarian Character," developed directly from Fromm's research on the subject. (en)
  • Фра́нкфуртская шко́ла — критическая теория современного (индустриального) общества, разновидность неомарксизма. Основные представители: Теодор Адорно, Макс Хоркхаймер, Герберт Маркузе, Эрих Фромм, Вальтер Беньямин, Франц Леопольд Нейман, Фридрих Поллок, из «второго поколения» — Юрген Хабермас, Оскар Негт. Термин «Франкфуртская школа» является собирательным названием, применяемым к мыслителям, связанным с Институтом социальных исследований в Франкфурте-на-Майне; сами представители критической теории никогда не объединяли себя под таким наименованиям. Представители данной школы считали, что буржуазное классовое общество превратилось в монолитную бесклассовую тоталитарную Систему, в которой революционная роль преобразования общества переходит маргинальным интеллигентам и аутсайдерам. Современное общество технократично и существует за счет распространения ложного сознания посредством средств массовой информации, а также популярной культуры, и навязываемым культом потребления. Тоталитаризм — это практика стирания грани между приватным и публичным существованием. Франкфуртская школа существенно повлияла на различные варианты идеологии левого радикализма. (ru)
  • Frankfurtskolan (kan sägas ha grundats 1930 när Max Horkheimer blev rektor) växte fram vid Institut für Sozialforschung i Frankfurt . Den kritiska teori som omhuldades av Frankfurtskolan tar sin utgångspunkt i den unge Marx' tänkande och dess hegelianska rötter, bland annat så som dessa lästs av Georg Lukács. Det är dock inte den Lenin/marxism som utarbetades i Sovjet, utan en uppgörelse med det borgerliga förnuftet. Frankfurtskolan strävade också efter att förena marxistisk analys med Sigmund Freuds psykoanalytiska teori. Ledande företrädare för skolan var Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno och Herbert Marcuse. Psykologen Erich Fromm var en period knuten till gruppen. Även Jürgen Habermas brukar räknas till Frankfurtskolans andrageneration. Populärkulturen eller "kulturindustrin" var ett föremål för skolans analyser. Horkheimer och Adorno intog här en kritisk hållning. De menade att denna kulturindustri hade en passiviserande inverkan. Flera av skolans företrädare fick stor betydelse för 1960-talets studentprotester. (sv)
  • Bajo el rótulo de Escuela de Frankfurt se engloban las investigaciones de varios sociólogos, psicólogos, economistas y filósofos neo-marxistas asociados al Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de la Universidad de Fráncfort del Meno. El proyecto del Instituto consistía en renovar la teoría marxista de la época, haciendo hincapié en el desarrollo interdisciplinario y en la reflexión filosófica sobre la práctica científica, y agrupó a estudiosos por lo demás muy diferentes. Fue la primera institución académica de Alemania que abrazó abiertamente el marxismo; debido al origen judío de la mayoría de sus miembros, se debió trasladar al exilio americano durante el régimen nazi, para regresar a Frankfurt tras la victoria aliada. Aunque el Instituto continúa activo, practicando la crítica social; hoy día bajo la dirección de Axel Honneth, habitualmente se considera a Jürgen Habermas el último miembro de la escuela de Frankfurt propiamente dicha. Max Horkheimer se convirtió en el director del Instituto en 1930. La Escuela de Frankfurt reunió marxistas disidentes, críticos severos del capitalismo que creían que algunos de los denominados seguidores de las ideas de Karl Marx sólo utilizaban una pequeña porción de las ideas de éste, usualmente en defensa de los partidos comunistas más ortodoxos. Influenciados además por el surgimiento del nazismo en una nación tecnológica, cultural y económicamente avanzada como Alemania y los fracasos de las revoluciones obreras en Europa Occidental especialmente después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, tomaron como tarea encontrar las partes del pensamiento marxista que pudieran servir para clarificar condiciones sociales que Marx no podía haber visto o predicho. Para lograr esto, se apoyaron en la obra de otros autores para enriquecer la teoría marxista y darle un carácter más explicativo. Max Weber ejerció una notable influencia, así como Sigmund Freud . El énfasis de la Escuela en el componente crítico de la teoría se derivaba de su intento por sobrepasar los límites del positivismo, el materialismo vulgar y la fenomenología mediante un retorno a la filosofía crítica de Kant y sus sucesores en el idealismo alemán, principalmente Hegel. Una influencia clave también vino de la publicación en 1930 de las obras de Marx Manuscritos económico-filosóficos o Cuadernos de París y la Ideología alemana, obras que mostraron una continuidad de ciertos temas hegelianos en la obra de Marx. (es)
  • Frankfurtin koulukunta, usein myös Frankfurtin kriittinen koulukunta on Max Horkheimerin 1930-luvulla aloittama filosofinen ja yhteiskuntateoreettinen koulukunta, jonka keskeisiä edustajia Horkheimerin ohella olivat Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm, Leo Löwenthal ja Friedrich Pollock. Myöhemmin johtaviksi teoreetikoiksi ovat nousseet Jürgen Habermas ja Axel Honneth. Koulukuntaa pidettiin aiemmin uusmarxilaisena ja kulttuuripessimistisenä, mutta Habermasin myötä se edustaa nykyään enemmän liberalismin teoriaa. (fi)
  • La Scuola di Francoforte è una scuola filosofica e sociologica neo-marxista. Il nucleo originario di tale scuola, formato per lo più da filosofi e sociologi tedeschi di origine ebraica, emerse nel 1923 nell'ambiente del neonato "Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale" (Institut für Sozialforschung) dell'Università Johann Wolfgang Goethe di Francoforte sul Meno, in Germania, sotto la guida dello storico marxista Karl Grünberg. Il nucleo successivamente si ampliò per numero di studiosi ed ambiti di ricerca. Il primo periodo di attività della scuola si inquadra nel primo dopoguerra, tra gli anni Venti e gli anni Trenta; all'avvento del nazismo il gruppo lasciò la Germania e si trasferì dapprima a Ginevra, poi a Parigi e infine a New York, dove continuò la sua attività. Dopo la seconda guerra mondiale alcuni esponenti tornarono in Germania per fondare un nuovo Istituto per la ricerca sociale. L'espressione "Scuola di Francoforte" è una denominazione informale usata per designare quei pensatori che furono affiliati o influenzati dall'Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale: non fu mai la denominazione di alcuna istituzione, né i suoi appartenenti la usarono per descrivere sé stessi. La scuola raccolse studiosi di diverse discipline e ambiti culturali, ma la linea di pensiero che ha accomunato tutti gli esponenti risiede nella critica della società presente, tendente a smascherare le contraddizioni del contemporaneo vivere collettivo. L'ideale di società e di uomo a cui fa riferimento questa critica è quella utopistica e rivoluzionaria del marxismo; l'elaborazione di questa filosofia da parte della Scuola è autonoma e originale, e per alcuni studiosi implica addirittura un allontanamento da alcuni punti centrali del pensiero di Karl Marx. Nel complesso questa linea di interpretazione si pone polemicamente in contrasto con le correnti di pensiero marxiste diffuse all'inizio del secolo, influenzate o dall'ortodossia sovietica o dalle correnti revisioniste. Le motivazioni storiche che stavano alla base della reinterpretazione e dello sviluppo della filosofia marxista da parte dei pensatori della Scuola affondavano le loro radici nel fallimento della rivoluzione della classe operaia nell'Europa occidentale, negli sviluppi della rivoluzione bolscevica, vista come esempio negativo di "rivoluzione fallita", e nell'ascesa dei totalitarismi in gran parte d'Europa, anche in nazioni economicamente, tecnologicamente, e culturalmente avanzate come la Germania; essi si prefiggevano di discernere quali aspetti del pensiero di Marx potessero effettivamente chiarire quell'evoluzione delle condizioni sociali che lo stesso Marx non aveva previsto. Dalla Scuola emersero altri filoni di pensiero il cui obiettivo rimase sempre lo sviluppo critico del pensiero marxista, così da attualizzarlo e arricchirlo con l'analisi di altre discipline . Sotto questo aspetto Max Weber e Sigmund Freud esercitarono notevole influenza. L'enfasi sulla componente "critica" della teoria derivava significativamente dal loro tentativo di superare i limiti del positivismo, del crudo materialismo, e della fenomenologia ritornando alla filosofia critica di Kant e dei suoi successori dell'idealismo tedesco, principalmente Hegel; in particolare con riferimento all'enfasi che questi pose sulla negazione e sulla contraddizione come proprietà intrinseche della realt�, nonché all'approccio totalizzante e globale con cui il filosofo tedesco aveva studiato i collegamenti tra i diversi aspetti del reale. Un'influenza decisiva la esercitò la pubblicazione nel 1930 dei Manoscritti economico-filosofici e dell'Ideologia tedesca, che mostrò gli elementi di continuità con l'hegelismo che caratterizzavano la filosofia di Marx: Marcuse fu uno dei primi ad articolare il significato teoretico di questi testi. (it)
  • A Escola de Frankfurt é nome dado a um grupo de filósofos e cientistas sociais de tendências marxistas que se encontram no final dos anos 1920. A Escola de Frankfurt se associa diretamente à chamada Teoria Crítica da Sociedade. Deve-se à Escola de Frankfurt a criação de conceitos como "indústria cultural" e "cultura de massa". (pt)
  • 法蘭克福學派是以德國法蘭克福大學的「社會研究中心」為中心的一群社會科學學者、哲學家、文化批評家所組成的學術社群。被認為是新馬克思主義學派的一支。其主要的人物包括第一代的阿多諾、马尔库塞、霍克海默、弗洛姆以及第二代的柏格(Peter Burger )、哈贝马斯等人。 社會研究中心成立於1924年,但要到1930年由霍克海默成為機構主任之後,才轉向馬克思主義理論的思考方式,包括以馬克思及黑格爾、卢卡奇、葛兰西等人的理論為基礎,對於20世紀的資本主義、種族主義及文化等等作進一步的探討,並藉助马克斯·韦伯的現代化理論和佛洛伊德的精神分析。他們最大的特色,在於建立所謂的批判理論(Critical theory),相較於傳統社會科學要以科學的、量化的方式建立社會經濟等等的法則規律,他們則更進一步要探討歷史的發展以及人的因素在其中的作用。阿多諾提出的文化工業、哈伯瑪斯提出的溝通理性等,都是批判理論的重要概念之一。 (zh)
  • Frankfurterskolen er betegnelsen for en af de mest originale retninger indenfor nymarxistisk kultur-, sociologi- og samfundsteori i det 20. århundrede. Centralt i Frankfurterskolen står begrebet om Kritisk teori. Gruppens navn kommer af, at den opstod ved universitetet i Frankfurt am Main, da Max Horkheimer i 1931 blev udnævnt til leder af "Institut für Sozialforschung". Frankfurterskolen samlede nogle af de marxistiske dissidenter, der følte at den politiske marxisme som den praktiseredes i f. eks. KPD fortolkede Marx´ tanker for snæversynet. De ville forsøge at applicere Marx på de tendenser og udviklinger han aldrig selv havde kunnet opleve. I den mest produktive fase, i 1930'erne og 1940'erne, udgjorde Frankfurterskolen en enestående kreds af samfundskritikere: foruden Max Horkheimer, kredsens ledende ideolog og samlingspunkt, bestod den af Theodor W. Adorno (filosofi, sociologi, æstetik), Herbert Marcuse, Leo Löwenthal, Walter Benjamin, Erich Fromm, Friedrich Pollock, Henryk Grossmann, K.A. Wittfogel, Franz Borkenau, Otto Kirchheimer og Franz Neumann . Vigtigst blandt skolens senere repræsentanter fra 1960'erne til i dag er Jürgen Habermas, Oskar Negt og Axel Honneth (etik, sociologi). (da)
  • Als die Frankfurter Schule wird die neomarxistische, dialektische Kritische Theorie bezeichnet, die von Max Horkheimer und Theodor W. Adorno im Institut für Sozialforschung begründet worden war. Kern der Kritischen Theorie der Frankfurter Schule ist die ideologiekritische Auseinandersetzung mit den gesellschaftlichen und historischen Bedingungen der Theoriebildung. Mit Kritik und Erkenntnis ist zugleich der Anspruch verbunden, die gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse in ihrer Veränderbarkeit und der Notwendigkeit ihrer Veränderung begrifflich zu durchdringen. Die Bezeichnung Kritische Theorie geht auf den Titel des programmatischen Aufsatzes Traditionelle und kritische Theorie von Max Horkheimer aus dem Jahre 1937 zurück. Als Hauptwerk der Schule gilt die von Horkheimer und Adorno 1944 bis 1947 gemeinsam verfasste Essay-Sammlung Dialektik der Aufklärung. (de)
  • Frankfurtskolen vokste frem rundt Institut für Sozialforschung i Frankfurt. Instituttet ble grunnlagt 1923, men det er særlig da Max Horkheimer ble instituttets leder i 1930 at man begynte å snakke om en egen skole. Den kritiske teori som var sentral for Frankurtskolen tar utgangspunkt i den unge Marx' tanker og dennes hegelianske røtter, bl.a. slik disse ble lest av Georg Lukács. Frankfurtskolen har imidlertid ikke noe med den leninist-marxisme som ble utviklet i Sovjet, men er et oppgjør med den borgerlige fornuft. Fremtredende representanter for Frankfurtskolen var Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno og Herbert Marcuse. Også Jürgen Habermas regnes ofte til skolen. (no)
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  • The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist critical theory, social research, and philosophy. The grouping emerged at the Institute for Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung) of the University of Frankfurt am Main in Germany when Max Horkheimer became the Institute's director in 1930. The term "Frankfurt School" is an informal term used to designate the thinkers affiliated with the Institute for Social Research or influenced by them. It is not the title of any institution, and the main thinkers of the Frankfurt School did not use the term to describe themselves. The Frankfurt School gathered together dissident Marxists, severe critics of capitalism who believed that some of Marx's followers had come to parrot a narrow selection of Marx's ideas, usually in defense of orthodox Communist or Social-Democratic parties. Influenced especially by the failure of working-class revolutions in Western Europe after World War I and by the rise of Nazism in an economically, technologically advanced nation, they took up the task of choosing what parts of Marx's thought might serve to clarify social conditions which Marx himself had never seen. They drew on other schools of thought to fill in Marx's perceived omissions. Max Weber exerted a major influence, as did Sigmund Freud . Their emphasis on the "critical" component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism, crude materialism, and phenomenology by returning to Kant's critical philosophy and its successors in German idealism, principally Hegel's philosophy, with its emphasis on negation and contradiction as inherent properties of reality. A key influence also came from the publication in the 1930s of Marx's Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts and The German Ideology, which showed the continuity with Hegelianism that underlay Marx's thought. Marcuse was one of the first to articulate the theoretical significance of these texts. Erich Fromm, an under-represented member of the school, is credited with bringing it a psychoanalytic focus. However, members Adorno and Horkheimer attempted to belittle Fromm's contributions, even though a central theme, "The Authoritarian Character," developed directly from Fromm's research on the subject. (en)
  • Фра́нкфуртская шко́ла — критическая теория современного (индустриального) общества, разновидность неомарксизма. (ru)
  • Frankfurtskolan (kan sägas ha grundats 1930 när Max Horkheimer blev rektor) växte fram vid Institut für Sozialforschung i Frankfurt . (sv)
  • Bajo el rótulo de Escuela de Frankfurt se engloban las investigaciones de varios sociólogos, psicólogos, economistas y filósofos neo-marxistas asociados al Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de la Universidad de Fráncfort del Meno. (es)
  • Frankfurtin koulukunta, usein myös Frankfurtin kriittinen koulukunta on Max Horkheimerin 1930-luvulla aloittama filosofinen ja yhteiskuntateoreettinen koulukunta, jonka keskeisiä edustajia Horkheimerin ohella olivat Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm, Leo Löwenthal ja Friedrich Pollock. (fi)
  • La Scuola di Francoforte è una scuola filosofica e sociologica neo-marxista. (it)
  • A Escola de Frankfurt é nome dado a um grupo de filósofos e cientistas sociais de tendências marxistas que se encontram no final dos anos 1920. (pt)
  • 法蘭克福學派是以德國法蘭克福大學的「社會� �究中心」為中心的一群社會科學學者、哲學家、文化批評家所組成的學術社群。被認為是新馬克思主義學派的一支。其主要的人物包括第一代的阿多諾、马尔库塞、霍克海默、弗洛姆以及第二代的柏� �(Peter Burger )、哈贝马斯等人。 社會� �究中心成立於1924年,但要到1930年由霍克海默成為機構主任之後,才轉向馬克思主義理論的思考方式,包括以馬克思及黑� �爾、卢卡奇、葛兰西等人的理論為基礎,對於20世紀的資本主義、種族主義及文化等等作進一步的探討,並藉助马克斯·韦伯的現代化理論和佛洛伊德的精神分析。他們最大的特色,在於建立所謂的批判理論(Critical theory),相較於傳統社會科學要以科學的、量化的方式建立社會經濟等等的法則規律,他們則更進一步要探討歷史的發展以及人的� � 在其中的作用。阿多諾提出的文化工業、哈伯瑪斯提出的溝通理性等,都是批判理論的重要概念之一。 (zh)
  • Frankfurterskolen er betegnelsen for en af de mest originale retninger indenfor nymarxistisk kultur-, sociologi- og samfundsteori i det 20. århundrede. (da)
  • Als die Frankfurter Schule wird die neomarxistische, dialektische Kritische Theorie bezeichnet, die von Max Horkheimer und (de)
  • Frankfurtskolen vokste frem rundt Institut für Sozialforschung i Frankfurt. (no)
rdfs:label
  • Frankfurt School (en)
  • École de Francfort (fr)
  • フランクフルト学派 (ja)
  • Frankfurter Schule (nl)
  • Szkoła frankfurcka (pl)
  • Франкфуртская школа (ru)
  • Frankfurtskolan (sv)
  • Escuela de Frankfurt (es)
  • Frankfurtin koulukunta (fi)
  • Scuola di Francoforte (it)
  • Escola de Frankfurt (pt)
  • 法蘭克福學派 (zh)
  • Frankfurterskolen (da)
  • Frankfurter Schule (de)
  • Frankfurtskolen (no)
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