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The Four Commanderies of Han (Chinese: 漢四郡; Korean: 한사군; Hanja: 漢四郡) were Chinese commanderies located in the north of the Korean Peninsula and part of the Liaodong Peninsula from around the end of the second century BC through the early 4th AD, for the longest lasting. The commanderies were set up to control the populace in the former Gojoseon area as far south as the Han River, with a core area at Lelang near present-day Pyongyang by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty in early 2nd century BC after his conquest of Wiman Joseon. As such, these commanderies are seen as Chinese colonies by some scholars. Though disputed by North Korean scholars, Western sources generally describe the Lelang Commandery as existing within the Korean peninsula, and extend the rule of the four commanderies as far sou

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  • The Four Commanderies of Han (Chinese: 漢四郡; Korean: 한사군; Hanja: 漢四郡) were Chinese commanderies located in the north of the Korean Peninsula and part of the Liaodong Peninsula from around the end of the second century BC through the early 4th AD, for the longest lasting. The commanderies were set up to control the populace in the former Gojoseon area as far south as the Han River, with a core area at Lelang near present-day Pyongyang by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty in early 2nd century BC after his conquest of Wiman Joseon. As such, these commanderies are seen as Chinese colonies by some scholars. Though disputed by North Korean scholars, Western sources generally describe the Lelang Commandery as existing within the Korean peninsula, and extend the rule of the four commanderies as far south as the Han River. However, South Korean scholars assumed its administrative areas to Pyongan and Hwanghae provinces. Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades, but the Lelang commandery remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries. At its administrative center in Lelang, the Chinese built what was in essence a Chinese city where the governor, officials, and merchants, and Chinese colonists lived. Their administration had considerable impact on the life of the native population and ultimately the very fabric of Gojoseon society became eroded. Later, Goguryeo, founded in 37 BCE, slowly began conquering the commanderies and eventually absorbed them into its own territory. (en)
  • Les quatre commanderies étaient des commanderies chinoises établies par l'empereur Wu de la dynastie Han en 108-107 avant notre ère dans le nord de la péninsule coréenne et sur la péninsule du Liaodong, après la conquête du Gojoseon de Wiman. La commanderie principale était celle de Lelang (Nangnang), l'actuelle Pyongyang et fut une véritable ville chinoise avec ses marchands et ses colons. Celle-ci perdura pendant 400 ans jusqu'en 313 et son absorption par le royaume de Koguryo. L'emplacement exact des autres commanderies est l'objet de débat mais elles se situeraient au nord du fleuve Han. C'étaient la commanderie de Lintun (臨屯郡, 임둔군) et celle de Zhenfan (真番郡, 진번군) qui ont disparu dès -82 et surtout la commanderie de Xuantu qui comptait trois préfectures et 221 845 habitants en l'an 2. La même année, la commanderie de Lelang comprenait 25 préfectures et 406 748 habitants. Le sud de cette commanderie a formé la commanderie de Daifang de 204 à 314. L'histoire des quatre commanderies est essentiellement connue à travers le Livre des Han, le Livre des Han postérieurs et les Chroniques des Trois Royaumes. Elles dépendaient de la . La création de ces commanderies mit fortement en relation les populations de la région avec le pouvoir et la culture chinoise. Ces populations furent intégrées au réseau de relations culturelles et commerciales qui s'étaient étendues jusqu'aux confins de la route de soie. Si la raison initiale a été stratégique afin de protéger le Nord-Est de l'empire, des raisons économiques sont probables. Les chefs tribaux ont été invités à « payer tribut », ce qui signifiait recevoir des « cadeaux », en nature et des cadeaux symboliques, qui en faisait des vassaux de l'empereur. Les chinois avaient devant eux des tribus aguerries, au Nord de la péninsule, qui devraient être censées protéger l'empire de tribus agressives qui étaient leurs voisines. Il n'en était pas de même avec celles du Sud, lesquelles ont pu être plus ou moins exploitées et contraintes de fournir des denrées alimentaires, du bois, du fer, entre autres choses. Mais les élites du Sud en ont tiré les mêmes avantages que celles du Nord. (fr)
  • Empat Jun di Dinasti Han (漢四郡, 한사군) terdiri dari Lelang, Lintun, Xuantu dan Zhenfan bagian dari Semenanjung Liaodong atau wilayah-wilayah Korea bagian utara didirikan oleh Kaisar Wu, Dinasti Han pada awal abad ke-2 SM setelah penaklukannya atas Wiman Joseon. Jun-jun ini didirikan untuk mengontrol populasi di area yang sebelumnya berada di bawah kontrol Gojoseon. Goguryeo akhirnya menyerang dan menguasai keempat jun tersebut ketika kerajaan tersebut sedang berada di puncak kejayaannya. Lokasi dari jun-jun itu selain Jun Lelang masih diperdebatkan. (in)
  • 漢四郡(かんのしぐん)は、朝鮮半島の中・西北部にあった衛氏朝鮮を滅ぼした前漢の武帝が紀元前108年に設置した楽浪郡・真番郡・臨屯郡、紀元前107年に設置した玄菟郡の郡のことである。各郡の位置については諸説ある。朝鮮四郡(ちょうせんしぐん)ともいう。 (ja)
  • 한사군(漢四郡, 기원전 108년 ~ 314년) 또는 한군현(漢郡縣)은 기원전 108년 전한 무제가 위만조선(衛滿朝鮮)을 멸망시킨 뒤 그 영토를 통치하기 위해 설치한 낙랑군(樂浪郡)·임둔군(臨屯郡)·현도군(玄菟郡)·진번군(眞番郡)의 4군과 그 속현을 말한다. 근대 이전에는 전통적으로 사군(四郡)이라 불렀고, 현대 한국사학계에서는 한군현, 동방변군 등으로 지칭하기도 한다. 한사군의 위치, 의미와 역할에 대해서는 대한민국, 조선민주주의인민공화국, 중화인민공화국, 일본의 학계가 서로 다른 의견을 제시하고 있다. (ko)
  • Le quattro comanderie di Han (한사군?, 漢四郡?, HansagunLR o 한군현?, 漢郡縣?, HangunhyeonLR) furono una colonia cinese situata nel nord della penisola coreana e in parte della penisola di Liaodong. Consistevano in Lelang, Lintun, Zhenfan e Xuantu. (it)
  • Четыре ханьских округа (кит. 漢四郡, кор. 한사군) — четыре административно-территориальных образования, созданные древнекитайской империей Хань на территории бывшего древнекорейского государства Кочосон (современные южная Маньчжурия и северная Корея). В конце II века до н. э. древнекорейское государство Кочосон было уничтожено китайским государством Хань. На завоёванной территории в 107 году до н. э. китайские власти организовали четыре округа: * Лэлан (кит. 樂浪郡) / Наннан (кор. 낙랑군) * Линьтунь (кит. 臨屯郡) / Имдун (кор. 임둔군) * Сюаньту (кит. 玄菟郡) / Хёндо (кор. 현도군) * Чжэньфань (кит. 真番郡) / Чинбон (кор. 진번군) (ru)
  • 汉四郡是汉武帝在元封二年(前109年)至元封三年(前108年)間派兵征服衛滿朝鮮後在其旧地设立的四个郡的總稱,分别為乐浪郡、玄菟郡、真番郡及臨屯郡。其中,玄菟郡設于前107年,其他三郡設于前108年。到前82年,真番、临屯二郡與玄菟郡的東部地區被并入樂浪郡,分別設東部都尉和南部都尉,玄菟郡治遷至高句驪縣。之后的东汉、曹魏与西晋皆保留了乐浪郡与玄菟郡。汉献帝时割據遼東的公孫氏析樂浪郡南部都尉為帶方郡,並為曹魏、西晉所承繼。313年,据有乐浪、带方二郡的张统因不堪长期孤军与高句丽、百濟作战而率千余家迁到辽西投靠慕容廆,二郡遂為高句麗所據。 (zh)
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  • April 2022 (en)
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  • Classical Chinese primary source requires specialized knowledge to analyze, supporting secondary source needed (en)
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  • Empat Jun di Dinasti Han (漢四郡, 한사군) terdiri dari Lelang, Lintun, Xuantu dan Zhenfan bagian dari Semenanjung Liaodong atau wilayah-wilayah Korea bagian utara didirikan oleh Kaisar Wu, Dinasti Han pada awal abad ke-2 SM setelah penaklukannya atas Wiman Joseon. Jun-jun ini didirikan untuk mengontrol populasi di area yang sebelumnya berada di bawah kontrol Gojoseon. Goguryeo akhirnya menyerang dan menguasai keempat jun tersebut ketika kerajaan tersebut sedang berada di puncak kejayaannya. Lokasi dari jun-jun itu selain Jun Lelang masih diperdebatkan. (in)
  • 漢四郡(かんのしぐん)は、朝鮮半島の中・西北部にあった衛氏朝鮮を滅ぼした前漢の武帝が紀元前108年に設置した楽浪郡・真番郡・臨屯郡、紀元前107年に設置した玄菟郡の郡のことである。各郡の位置については諸説ある。朝鮮四郡(ちょうせんしぐん)ともいう。 (ja)
  • 한사군(漢四郡, 기원전 108년 ~ 314년) 또는 한군현(漢郡縣)은 기원전 108년 전한 무제가 위만조선(衛滿朝鮮)을 멸망시킨 뒤 그 영토를 통치하기 위해 설치한 낙랑군(樂浪郡)·임둔군(臨屯郡)·현도군(玄菟郡)·진번군(眞番郡)의 4군과 그 속현을 말한다. 근대 이전에는 전통적으로 사군(四郡)이라 불렀고, 현대 한국사학계에서는 한군현, 동방변군 등으로 지칭하기도 한다. 한사군의 위치, 의미와 역할에 대해서는 대한민국, 조선민주주의인민공화국, 중화인민공화국, 일본의 학계가 서로 다른 의견을 제시하고 있다. (ko)
  • Le quattro comanderie di Han (한사군?, 漢四郡?, HansagunLR o 한군현?, 漢郡縣?, HangunhyeonLR) furono una colonia cinese situata nel nord della penisola coreana e in parte della penisola di Liaodong. Consistevano in Lelang, Lintun, Zhenfan e Xuantu. (it)
  • 汉四郡是汉武帝在元封二年(前109年)至元封三年(前108年)間派兵征服衛滿朝鮮後在其旧地设立的四个郡的總稱,分别為乐浪郡、玄菟郡、真番郡及臨屯郡。其中,玄菟郡設于前107年,其他三郡設于前108年。到前82年,真番、临屯二郡與玄菟郡的東部地區被并入樂浪郡,分別設東部都尉和南部都尉,玄菟郡治遷至高句驪縣。之后的东汉、曹魏与西晋皆保留了乐浪郡与玄菟郡。汉献帝时割據遼東的公孫氏析樂浪郡南部都尉為帶方郡,並為曹魏、西晉所承繼。313年,据有乐浪、带方二郡的张统因不堪长期孤军与高句丽、百濟作战而率千余家迁到辽西投靠慕容廆,二郡遂為高句麗所據。 (zh)
  • The Four Commanderies of Han (Chinese: 漢四郡; Korean: 한사군; Hanja: 漢四郡) were Chinese commanderies located in the north of the Korean Peninsula and part of the Liaodong Peninsula from around the end of the second century BC through the early 4th AD, for the longest lasting. The commanderies were set up to control the populace in the former Gojoseon area as far south as the Han River, with a core area at Lelang near present-day Pyongyang by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty in early 2nd century BC after his conquest of Wiman Joseon. As such, these commanderies are seen as Chinese colonies by some scholars. Though disputed by North Korean scholars, Western sources generally describe the Lelang Commandery as existing within the Korean peninsula, and extend the rule of the four commanderies as far sou (en)
  • Les quatre commanderies étaient des commanderies chinoises établies par l'empereur Wu de la dynastie Han en 108-107 avant notre ère dans le nord de la péninsule coréenne et sur la péninsule du Liaodong, après la conquête du Gojoseon de Wiman. La commanderie principale était celle de Lelang (Nangnang), l'actuelle Pyongyang et fut une véritable ville chinoise avec ses marchands et ses colons. Celle-ci perdura pendant 400 ans jusqu'en 313 et son absorption par le royaume de Koguryo. L'emplacement exact des autres commanderies est l'objet de débat mais elles se situeraient au nord du fleuve Han. C'étaient la commanderie de Lintun (臨屯郡, 임둔군) et celle de Zhenfan (真番郡, 진번군) qui ont disparu dès -82 et surtout la commanderie de Xuantu qui comptait trois préfectures et 221 845 habitants en l'an 2. L (fr)
  • Четыре ханьских округа (кит. 漢四郡, кор. 한사군) — четыре административно-территориальных образования, созданные древнекитайской империей Хань на территории бывшего древнекорейского государства Кочосон (современные южная Маньчжурия и северная Корея). В конце II века до н. э. древнекорейское государство Кочосон было уничтожено китайским государством Хань. На завоёванной территории в 107 году до н. э. китайские власти организовали четыре округа: (ru)
rdfs:label
  • Four Commanderies of Han (en)
  • Empat Komando Han (in)
  • Quattro comanderie di Han (it)
  • Quatre commanderies (fr)
  • 漢四郡 (ja)
  • 한사군 (ko)
  • Четыре ханьских округа (ru)
  • 漢四郡 (zh)
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