| p:abstract
| - Field Marshal is a military officer rank. Today it is the highest rank in the armies in which it is used, one step above a general or colonel-general. Historically, however, several armies used field marshal as a divisional command rank, notably Spain, Mexico, Portugal and Brazil (Spanish: mariscal de campo, Portuguese: marechal-de-campo). In France it was formerly a brigade command rank.
The origin of field marshals dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the King's horses (from old German Marh-scalc = "horse-servant") from the time of the early Frankish Kings.
Some nations use the title of marshal instead, while some have used field marshal general. The Air Force equivalent in the Commonwealth is Marshal of the Air Force (not to be confused with air marshal). The corresponding naval ranks are normally fleet admiral, grand admiral or admiral of the fleet.
During Imperial rule in China, successful generals were given the title of field marshal (元帥 Yuan Shuai) or grand field marshal (大元帥 da yuan shuai). One of the most famous of these generals was Yue Fei from the Song Dynasty.
Until the end of World War II, Japan also bestowed the honorary title of field marshal (元帥 gensui) on successful generals and admirals; they would, however, retain their ranks of general and admiral.
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington was a field marshal in twelve armies. His twelve field marshal batons are on display in Apsley House.
In the French army of the Ancien Régime, the normal brigade command rank was field marshal (maréchal de camp). In 1793, during the French Revolution, the rank of field marshal was replaced by the rank of brigade general. The rank insignia of field marshal was two stars (one star being used for a senior colonel rank). The French field marshal rank was below lieutenant-general, which in 1793 became divisional-general. In the title maréchal de camp and the English "field marshal", there is an etymological confusion in the French camp between the English words "camp" and "field". The French rank of field marshal should not be confused with the rank of Marshal of France, which was the highest rank of the Ancien Régime and is in effect the highest French rank today (although in theory it is not an actual rank but a "state dignity").
The United States has never used the rank of field marshal in part because George Washington only held the rank of general: some considered it "inappropriate" to have a higher rank. Instead, two variations on "general" are used: General of the Army or "5 Star General" and, once General of the Armies of the United States (the latter rank was invented for John Pershing in 1919 in recognition of his performance as the commander of the American Expeditionary Force). The American General MacArthur was a field marshal in the army of the Philippines, whereas he held different ranks in the United States Army. (en)
- El Mariscal de Campo, o simplemente Mariscal, es un rango militar con diversos significados según el país.
Es el mayor grado en la escala de oficiales, por ejemplo en el antiguo ejército alemán, y en el de tierra británico y francés. Estos países sólo permiten ascensos a esta categoría en tiempos de guerra. En alemán se traduce como Generalfeldmarschall.
En España, desde al menos los tiempos de Felipe V el rango de Mariscal de Campo era el intermedio entre brigadier y teniente general, y era considerado el primer empleo de general completo (con entorchados dorados). Por ley del 20 de julio de 1889, esta denominación fue sustituida por la actual de general de división.
En la Francia del Antiguo Régimen existía el rango de Marechal de champ, y que perduró hasta la Época Napoleónica. Es equivalente al uso español, y el de Marechal de France (que ha pervivido), que era y es el máximo rango militar.
En la RAF británica los oficiales generales utilizan el término Marshall en lugar del habitual de general en sus graduaciones. (es)
- Marsalkka tai sotamarsalkka on useissa maissa kenraalia korkeampi sotilasarvo tai arvonimi, joka yleensä myönnetään ainoastaan sodan aikaisista ansioista. Marsalkka tulee germaanisista sanoista marah, hevonen, ja scalc, palvelija, alun perin tallinhoitaja. Marsalkoista tuli monissa hoveissa tärkeitä jäseniä, ja arvonimi kasvoi arvossa. Ranskan Filip II (1179–1223) perusti viran marescallus Franciae. (fi)
- Feltmarskalk er i noen land den høyeste militære graden, over general. I Tyskland og noen andre land er den tilsvarende graden kalt generalfeltmarskalk.
Graden feltmarskalk benyttes kun av landstyrker (mens generalfeltmarskalk også ble brukt av det tyske flyvåpenet). Motstykket i noen flyvåpen er flyvåpenmarskalk, mens i mariner tilsvarer graden flåteadmiral, storadmiral eller lignende. Som den høyeste graden, kun ansvarlig overfor landets hersker, har utnevnelser til feltmarskalk ofte vært gjort av politiske like mye som militære grunner, og ikke sjelden som en måte å offentlig belønne en dyktig general. (no)
- Marechal-de-campo é um posto militar do Exército Português referente a oficial-general acima de brigadeiro e abaixo de tenente-general, desde 1762 até meados do século XIX, tendo sido também utilizado no Brasil, após a sua independência, durante a época imperial.
Equivalente ao moderno major-general (em Portugal) ou general-de-divisão (no Brasil), a designação marechal-de-campo foi criada para substituir a prévia designação de Sargento-mor de Batalha.
Na Espanha este é o mais alto posto na hierarquia militar. (pt)
- Fältmarskalk, den högsta graden i många arméer.
Fältmarskalk är i allmänhet som befälsgrad högre än general och den högsta graden inom militärmakten. I många länder är graden avskaffad eller delas bara ut under krig. I USA finns inte graden men motsvaras av General of the Army.
Titeln har funnits i många militärkulturer sedan lång tid tillbaka. Själva ordet kommer av det frankiska mare scalci, ungefär "kunglig hästhållare". Fältmarskalken har i de flesta länder symboliserats med en så kallad marskalkstav, vilken ofta ses i porträtt av höga militärer.
I Sverige har totalt 77 fältmarskalkar utsetts, från slutet av 1500-talet till 1824. Numera används graden inte i Sverige. I Frankrike heter graden egentligen marskalk av Frankrike. Fältmarskalklöjtnant var en grad i den österrikisk-ungerska armén motsvarande generallöjtnant i andra länder. Alexandros Papagos är den ende som tilldelats hedertiteln fältmarskalk av Grekland (1949), för sina insatser i kriget mot Mussolini 1940.
För olika länders fältmarskalkar, se följande uppslagsord:
*Lista över brittiska fältmarskalkar
*Finska fältmarskalkar
*Marskalk av Frankrike
*Grekiska fältmarskalkar
*Marskalk av Italien
*Preussiska fältmarskalkar
*Lista över ryska fältmarskalkar
*Lista över svenska fältmarskalkar
*Lista över tyska fältmarskalkar (sv)
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| rdfs:comment
| - Field Marshal is a military officer rank. Today it is the highest rank in the armies in which it is used, one step above a general or colonel-general. Historically, however, several armies used field marshal as a divisional command rank, notably Spain, Mexico, Portugal and Brazil (Spanish: mariscal de campo, Portuguese: marechal-de-campo). In France it was formerly a brigade command rank. (en)
- El Mariscal de Campo, o simplemente Mariscal, es un rango militar con diversos significados según el país. (es)
- Marsalkka tai sotamarsalkka on useissa maissa kenraalia korkeampi sotilasarvo tai arvonimi, joka yleensä myönnetään ainoastaan sodan aikaisista ansioista. Marsalkka tulee germaanisista sanoista marah, hevonen, ja scalc, palvelija, alun perin tallinhoitaja. Marsalkoista tuli monissa hoveissa tärkeitä jäseniä, ja arvonimi kasvoi arvossa. Ranskan Filip II (1179–1223) perusti viran marescallus Franciae. (fi)
- Feltmarskalk er i noen land den høyeste militære graden, over general. I Tyskland og noen andre land er den tilsvarende graden kalt generalfeltmarskalk. (no)
- Marechal-de-campo é um posto militar do Exército Português referente a oficial-general acima de brigadeiro e abaixo de tenente-general, desde 1762 até meados do século XIX, tendo sido também utilizado no Brasil, após a sua independência, durante a época imperial. (pt)
- Fältmarskalk, den högsta graden i många arméer. (sv)
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