| dbo:abstract
|
- The executive magistrates of the Roman Empire were elected individuals of the ancient Roman Empire. During the transition from monarchy to republic, the constitutional balance of power shifted from the executive (the Roman King) to the Roman Senate. During the transition from republic to empire, the constitutional balance of power shifted back to the executive (the Roman Emperor). Theoretically, the senate elected each new emperor, although in practice, it was the army which made the choice. The powers of an emperor, (his imperium) existed, in theory at least, by virtue of his legal standing. The two most significant components to an emperor's imperium were the "tribunician powers" (potestas tribunicia) and the "proconsular powers" (imperium proconsulare). In theory at least, the tribunician powers (which were similar to those of the Plebeian Tribunes under the old republic) gave the emperor authority over Rome's civil government, while the proconsular powers (similar to those of military governors, or Proconsuls, under the old republic) gave him authority over the Roman army. While these distinctions were clearly defined during the early empire, eventually they were lost, and the emperor's powers became less constitutional and more monarchical. Under the empire, the citizens were divided into three classes, and for members of each class, a distinct career path was available (known as the cursus honorum). The traditional magistracies were only available to citizens of the senatorial class. The magistracies that survived the fall of the republic were (by their order of rank in the cursus honorum) the Consulship, Praetorship, Plebeian Tribunate, Aedileship, Quaestorship, and Military Tribunate. If an individual was not of the senatorial class, he could run for one of these offices if he was allowed to run by the emperor, or otherwise, he could be appointed to one of these offices by the emperor. Mark Antony abolished the offices of Roman Dictator and Magister equitum ("Master of the Horse") during his Consulship in 44 BC, shortly after the assassination of Julius Caesar. The office of Interrex was also abolished during the transition from republic to empire. In 22 BC the emperor Augustus appointed P. Aemilius Lepidus and L. Munatius Plancus to the Censorship, and while they began a census that year, they never completed it, and shortly thereafter the office was abolished. The emperor Claudius attempted to revive the office by appointing himself and L. Vitellius Censor in 47 AD, but after Claudius, no further attempts were made to revive the office. (en)
- Après la chute de la République, les vieilles magistratures (dictature, consulat, préture, censure, édilité, questure et tribunat) sont en partie abandonnées, le reste perdant tout pouvoir. L’empereur devient le maître de l’État. L’arrivée de l’Empire est équivalente à la restauration de l’ancienne monarchie. L'empereur détient un pouvoir incontesté, le sénat redevient simple conseiller sans pouvoir et les assemblées totalement impuissantes. Article connexe : Magistrats romains. Une distinction doit être faite entre le titre de « princeps » et celui d'« empereur ». Alors que le mot « empereur » dérive du titre honoraire d’« imperator », le mot lui-même n'apparaît sous sa forme moderne que lorsque Charlemagne est couronné « empereur » au VIIIe siècle. Le terme le plus approprié pour parler des premiers empereurs serait « princeps ». Ce terme signifie simplement « le premier citoyen ». Sous l'Empire, la plupart des vieilles magistratures républicaines continuent d'exister. Néanmoins, elles deviennent rapidement impuissantes. (fr)
- Os magistrados executivos do Império Romano eram pessoas eleitas durante o antigo Império Romano. Durante a transição da monarquia para a república, o equilíbrio de poderes constitucionais passou do ramo executivo (o rei de Roma) para o senado romano. Durante a transição da república para o império, o equilíbrio de poder regressou para o ramo executivo (o imperador romano). Em teoria, o senado elegia cada novo imperador, embora na prática fosse o exército quem fazia a escolha. Os dois principais componentes do poder do imperador (o seu imperium) eram o "poder tribunício" (potestas tribunicia) e o "" (imperium proconsulare). Em teoria, o poder tribunício, semelhante ao poder dos tribunos da plebe durante a república) dava ao imperador autoridade sobre o governo civil de Roma, enquanto que os poderes proconsulares, semelhantes aos dos governadores militares, ou procônsules, na república, lhe davam autoridade sobre o exército romano. Embora estas distinções fossem claramente definidas durante o início do império, ao longo do tempo foram sendo perdidas e os poderes do imperador tornaram-se menos constitucionais e mais monárquicos. (pt)
|
| rdfs:comment
|
- The executive magistrates of the Roman Empire were elected individuals of the ancient Roman Empire. During the transition from monarchy to republic, the constitutional balance of power shifted from the executive (the Roman King) to the Roman Senate. During the transition from republic to empire, the constitutional balance of power shifted back to the executive (the Roman Emperor). Theoretically, the senate elected each new emperor, although in practice, it was the army which made the choice. The powers of an emperor, (his imperium) existed, in theory at least, by virtue of his legal standing. The two most significant components to an emperor's imperium were the "tribunician powers" (potestas tribunicia) and the "proconsular powers" (imperium proconsulare). In theory at least, the tribunici (en)
- Après la chute de la République, les vieilles magistratures (dictature, consulat, préture, censure, édilité, questure et tribunat) sont en partie abandonnées, le reste perdant tout pouvoir. L’empereur devient le maître de l’État. L’arrivée de l’Empire est équivalente à la restauration de l’ancienne monarchie. L'empereur détient un pouvoir incontesté, le sénat redevient simple conseiller sans pouvoir et les assemblées totalement impuissantes. Article connexe : Magistrats romains. (fr)
- Os magistrados executivos do Império Romano eram pessoas eleitas durante o antigo Império Romano. Durante a transição da monarquia para a república, o equilíbrio de poderes constitucionais passou do ramo executivo (o rei de Roma) para o senado romano. Durante a transição da república para o império, o equilíbrio de poder regressou para o ramo executivo (o imperador romano). Em teoria, o senado elegia cada novo imperador, embora na prática fosse o exército quem fazia a escolha. Os dois principais componentes do poder do imperador (o seu imperium) eram o "poder tribunício" (potestas tribunicia) e o "" (imperium proconsulare). Em teoria, o poder tribunício, semelhante ao poder dos tribunos da plebe durante a república) dava ao imperador autoridade sobre o governo civil de Roma, enquanto que o (pt)
|
_-_Foto_G._Dall'Orto_28-5-2006.jpg){kind=link}
_-_Foto_G._Dall'Orto_28-5-2006.jpg){kind=link}
