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Habib Bourguiba was officially born on August 3, 1903, in Monastir to Ali Bourguiba (1850–1925) and Fattouma Khefacha (1861–1913). Being their eighth and last child, his birth was a shame to his mother and a worry to his father, who conceived him in an advanced age. Born into a modest family, the young Habib was raised in a female environment and was marked by gender inequality. Despite his financial conditions, Ali Bourguiba decided to invest his money in the education of his son and therefore, avoid him his fate of being enrolled in the army. Likewise, he sent his son to Tunis, circa 1907, to live with his brother M'hamed, in order to study in elementary school of Sadiki. Separated from his mother at 5, he lived in modest conditions in the capital city, and the Jellaz Affair made a deep

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  • Habib Bourguiba was officially born on August 3, 1903, in Monastir to Ali Bourguiba (1850–1925) and Fattouma Khefacha (1861–1913). Being their eighth and last child, his birth was a shame to his mother and a worry to his father, who conceived him in an advanced age. Born into a modest family, the young Habib was raised in a female environment and was marked by gender inequality. Despite his financial conditions, Ali Bourguiba decided to invest his money in the education of his son and therefore, avoid him his fate of being enrolled in the army. Likewise, he sent his son to Tunis, circa 1907, to live with his brother M'hamed, in order to study in elementary school of Sadiki. Separated from his mother at 5, he lived in modest conditions in the capital city, and the Jellaz Affair made a deep impression on him. In 1913, he obtained his Certificat d'études primaires to the relief of his father, exempting him from military service and permitted him to pursue his secondary education in Sadiki. However, in the same year, he lost his mother at the age of 10, which marked his entire life. While Bourguiba began his secondary education, World War I started. If his was studious, he soon had health issues in his final year of studies because of the budget restrictions imposed by the school to support war effort. In order to heal, he was sent to his brother Muhammed, who lived in Kef. Influenced by colonial inequalities, he decided to pursue with law studies and therefore, fight against the French protectorate. Supported by his brother Mahmoud, who enrolled him in the French Lycée Carnot. Two events in which he was part during his youth made a strong impression on him: The return of Abdelaziz Thâalbi from exile and the protests of April 5, 1922, which increased his nationalist aspirations. In 1924, he got his baccalaureate, as valedictorian and flew to Paris in order to pursue his Higher education. In the French capital city, he enrolled in the Law school of Sorbonne and spent his time discovering the colonial civilization to "arm himself intellectually" against it. There, he met Mathilde Lefras, a fourteen-year older widow, with whom he had a relationship. In 1927, when he obtained a law licence, Mathilde gave birth to their son, Habib Jean Bourguiba. When he returned to Tunisia, Bourguiba married Moufida and searched for a job as a lawyer, to provide the needs of family. He quickly started a journalistic career in order to defend the Tunisian personality. (en)
  • Habib Bourguiba, né officiellement le 3 août 1903 à Monastir, est le huitième et dernier enfant de Ali Bourguiba (1850-1925) et de Fattouma Khefacha (1861-1913). Issu d'une famille modeste, sa naissance marque la honte de sa mère et l'inquiétude de son père, les deux étant d'un âge avancé. Le jeune Habib, qui évolue dans un environnement féminin, est marqué dès son jeune âge par les inégalités des sexes. Malgré sa situation financière, Ali Bourguiba décide d'investir son argent dans l'instruction de son fils pour lui éviter son sort d'être enrôlé dans l'armée. Dans ce cadre, il l'envoie à Tunis en 1907, chez son frère M'hamed pour l'inscrire au Collège Sadiki. Séparé de sa mère à l'âge de 5 ans, il vit dans de modestes conditions à la capitale où il est marqué par l'affaire du Djellaz de 1911. En 1913, au grand soulagement de son père, il décroche son certificat d'études primaires qui le dispense du service militaire et lui permet de poursuivre ses études secondaires au collège Sadiki. Cependant, il perd sa mère, à l'âge de 10 ans, la même année, ce qui le marquera toute sa vie. Lorsqu'il commence son cursus secondaire, la Première Guerre mondiale éclate. S'il est studieux, son état de santé se détériore rapidement, pendant son année de terminale, par les conditions fournies par le collège qui applique des restrictions budgétaires dans le cadre d'effort de guerre. S'ensuit alors un séjour chez son frère Mohamed au Kef, pour retrouver ses forces. Marqué par les inégalités du protectorat, il décide alors d'étudier le droit pour combattre la France. Il obtient le soutien de son frère Mahmoud qui l'inscrit au Lycée Carnot de Tunis. Deux événements auxquels il participe marquent sa jeunesse : L'accueil réservé au cheikh Abdelaziz Thâalbi et la manifestation du 5 avril 1922, qui ne font qu'accroître ses aspirations nationalistes. En 1924, il décroche son baccalauréat en tant que majeur de promotion et s'envole pour Paris afin de poursuivre ses études supérieures. À la capitale française, il s'inscrit à la faculté de Droit de la Sorbonne et voue son temps à découvrir la civilisation colonisatrice pour « s'armer intellectuellement » contre elle. La-bas, il rencontre Mathilde Lefras, une veuve de quatorze ans plus âgée que lui, avec laquelle il a une relation. En 1927, alors qu'il décroche une licence en Droit, Mathilde donne naissance à leur fils, Habib Jean Bourguiba. De retour à Tunis, il l'épouse et recherche du travail en tant qu'avocat, pour fournir les besoins nécessaires à sa famille. Il s'engage rapidement dans un parcours journalistique en vue de défendre la personnalité tunisienne. (fr)
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  • Habib Bourguiba was officially born on August 3, 1903, in Monastir to Ali Bourguiba (1850–1925) and Fattouma Khefacha (1861–1913). Being their eighth and last child, his birth was a shame to his mother and a worry to his father, who conceived him in an advanced age. Born into a modest family, the young Habib was raised in a female environment and was marked by gender inequality. Despite his financial conditions, Ali Bourguiba decided to invest his money in the education of his son and therefore, avoid him his fate of being enrolled in the army. Likewise, he sent his son to Tunis, circa 1907, to live with his brother M'hamed, in order to study in elementary school of Sadiki. Separated from his mother at 5, he lived in modest conditions in the capital city, and the Jellaz Affair made a deep (en)
  • Habib Bourguiba, né officiellement le 3 août 1903 à Monastir, est le huitième et dernier enfant de Ali Bourguiba (1850-1925) et de Fattouma Khefacha (1861-1913). Issu d'une famille modeste, sa naissance marque la honte de sa mère et l'inquiétude de son père, les deux étant d'un âge avancé. Le jeune Habib, qui évolue dans un environnement féminin, est marqué dès son jeune âge par les inégalités des sexes. Malgré sa situation financière, Ali Bourguiba décide d'investir son argent dans l'instruction de son fils pour lui éviter son sort d'être enrôlé dans l'armée. Dans ce cadre, il l'envoie à Tunis en 1907, chez son frère M'hamed pour l'inscrire au Collège Sadiki. Séparé de sa mère à l'âge de 5 ans, il vit dans de modestes conditions à la capitale où il est marqué par l'affaire du Djellaz de 1 (fr)
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  • Early life of Habib Bourguiba (en)
  • Jeunesse et débuts de Habib Bourguiba (fr)
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