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The Colfax massacre, referred to sometimes as the Colfax riot, occurred on Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, in Colfax, Louisiana, the parish seat of Grant Parish. An estimated 62–153 black militia men were murdered while surrendering to a mob of former Confederate soldiers and members of the Ku Klux Klan. Three white men also died during the confrontation. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, historians have given renewed attention to the events at Colfax and the resulting Supreme Court case.

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dbo:abstract
  • The Colfax massacre, referred to sometimes as the Colfax riot, occurred on Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, in Colfax, Louisiana, the parish seat of Grant Parish. An estimated 62–153 black militia men were murdered while surrendering to a mob of former Confederate soldiers and members of the Ku Klux Klan. Three white men also died during the confrontation. After the contested 1872 election for governor of Louisiana and local offices, a group of white men armed with rifles and a small cannon overpowered black freedmen and state militia occupying the Grant Parish courthouse in Colfax. Most of the freedmen were killed after surrendering, and nearly another 50 were killed later that night after being held as prisoners for several hours. Estimates of the number of dead have varied over the years, ranging from 62 to 153; three whites died but the number of black victims was difficult to determine because many bodies were thrown into the Red River or removed for burial, possibly at mass graves. Historian Eric Foner described the massacre as the worst instance of racial violence during Reconstruction. In Louisiana, it had the most fatalities of any of the numerous violent events occurring after the disputed gubernatorial contest in 1872 between Republicans and Democrats. Foner wrote, "...every election [in Louisiana] between 1868 and 1876 was marked by rampant violence and pervasive fraud". Although the Fusionist-dominated state "returning board," which ruled on vote validity, initially declared John McEnery and his Democratic slate the winners, the board eventually divided, with a faction declaring Republican William P. Kellogg the victor. A Republican federal judge in New Orleans ruled that the Republican-majority legislature be seated. Federal prosecution and conviction of a few perpetrators at Colfax by the Enforcement Acts was appealed to the Supreme Court. In a major case, the court ruled in United States v. Cruikshank (1876) that protections of the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to persons acting individually, but only to the actions of state governments. After this ruling, the federal government could no longer use the Enforcement Act of 1870 to prosecute actions by paramilitary groups such as the White League, which had chapters forming across Louisiana beginning in 1874. Intimidation, murders, and black voter suppression by such paramilitary groups were instrumental to the Democratic Party regaining political control of the state legislature by the late 1870s. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, historians have given renewed attention to the events at Colfax and the resulting Supreme Court case. (en)
  • La masacre de Colfax ocurrió el Domingo de Pascua del 13 de abril de 1873 en la ciudad de Colfax, parroquia de Grant del estado de Luisiana, Estados Unidos. (es)
  • Pendant la Reconstruction, la ville de Colfax a été le théâtre d'un incident grave, lors de la fête de Pâques, le 13 avril 1873. Trois hommes blancs et approximativement 150 Afro-Américains furent tués lors d'un des plus importants actes de violence de toute la période de la Reconstruction. Une milice blanche, emmenée par (en), shérif élu sur une liste du Parti démocrate mais dont la nomination n'avait pas été officiellement validée, s'attaqua à des anciens esclaves libérés. Ces anciens esclaves assuraient la protection de représentants du Parti républicain au tribunal du comté. Ils s'y étaient rassemblés à la suite des tensions post-électorales. Un rapport récent établi par l'armée américaine a permis l'identification formelle des trois victimes blanches et de 105 victimes noires, sans compter les corps de 15 à 20 victimes noires retrouvées dans les eaux de la rivière Rouge et restées non-identifiées. À cause de la nette disproportion entre les nombres de décédés blancs et noirs et à la suite de témoignages rapportant qu'au moins 50 prisonniers noirs furent exécutés alors qu'ils se trouvaient sous le contrôle de la milice blanche, les historiens du XXe siècle ont requalifié les faits en « massacre », rejetant le terme « émeute » d'abord utilisé pour rendre compte des événements. L'événement est également significatif car les anciens esclaves noirs, qui formaient la majorité de la population du comté s'étaient organisés afin d'assurer leur défense et celle de leurs droits politiques. Les événements se sont produits après l'élection controversée pour le poste de gouverneur de Louisiane de 1872, qui avait finalement vu le républicain William Pitt Kellogg gagner l'élection à la suite de l'intervention du gouvernement fédéral. Entretemps, les deux camps (démocrate et républicain) avaient chacun de son côté organisé une cérémonie d'investiture pour son candidat et les deux camps avaient validé leurs listes respectives de représentants locaux. L'élection de Nash, ancien officier de l'armée confédérée n'avait pas été approuvée et validée par Kellogg. Après ces événements, Nash a rassemblé une grande partie des membres de la milice blanche impliquée dans le massacre dans une organisation paramilitaire suprémaciste, la White League qui compta de nombreux groupes opérant pour le Parti démocrate dans toute la Louisiane. Leurs actions visaient à intimider les électeurs noirs afin de diminuer l'impact électoral des noirs et affaiblir le Parti républicain. (fr)
  • Il massacro di Colfax (fino agli anni 1950 denominato dagli storici tumulto o rivolta di Colfax) si verificò la domenica di Pasqua 13 aprile 1873 nel territorio della parrocchia di Grant, quando circa 150 afroamericani vennero uccisi da sudisti bianchi; fu la carneficina a sfondo razziale più cruenta nel corso dell'Era della ricostruzione. Dopo le contestate elezioni del 1872 per il governatore della Louisiana e per altre cariche locali, un folto gruppo di bianchi armati di fucili e un piccolo cannone sopraffecero i liberti e la milizia statale occupando la sede del palazzo di giustizia distrettuale. La maggior parte delle vittime venne uccisa dopo che si era arresa; altri 50 furono assassinati più tardi quella notte stessa dopo essere stati tenuti prigionieri per diverse ore. Le stime sul numero effettivo dei morti variano, passando da un minimo di 62 ad un massimo di 153; rimasero sul terreno anche tre assalitori. Le cifre furono difficili da determinare soprattutto perché i corpi vennero in gran parte gettati nel fiume o rimossi per una frettolosa sepoltura. Si sparsero anche voci sull'esistenza di fosse comuni. Lo storico Eric Foner ha descritto il massacro come il peggior esempio di violenza razzista dopo il 1865. Costituisce l'evento più sanguinario nello Stato federato della Louisiana tra i numerosi atti di violenza dopo l'accesa campagna elettorale per l'elezione del governatore. Foner scrive che "...ogni elezione [in Louisiana] tra il 1868 e il 1876 fu caratterizzata da violenza dilagante e frode pervasiva". In un primo tempo il comitato elettorale, in cui predominavano i "fusionisti" antigovernativi, dichiarò vincitore il democratico ma poi si spaccò, con la fazione avversaria che proclamò invece vincente il repubblicano . Un magistrato federale di New Orleans stabilì poi che dovesse insediarsi un parlamento statale a maggioranza repubblicana. Il processo a livello federale e la condanna di alcuni esecutori materiali della strage ai sensi degli Enforcement Acts giunse alla Corte suprema. In una sentenza chiave, quella sul caso (1876), la Corte stabilì che le protezioni garantite dal XIV emendamento non si applicavano alle azioni degli individui, ma solo a quelle dei governi statali. A seguito di ciò il governo federale si trovò impossibilitato a perseguire penalmente le azioni dell'organizzazione paramilitare della , che a partire dal 1874 aveva aperto sezioni nell'intero territorio statale. L'intimidazione, gli omicidi e la repressione del voto dei neri da parte di tali gruppi paramilitari furono d'aiuto al Partito Democratico per riconquistare con la forza il controllo politico del parlamento statale verso la fine degli anni 1870. Tra la fine del XX e l'inizio del XXI secolo gli storici hanno prestato una rinnovata attenzione ai tragici eventi di Colfax e al caso che portò alla sentenza della Corte Suprema, e al loro significato nell'ambito della storia degli Stati Uniti di quei decenni. (it)
  • Колфакская резня (также бунт в Колфаксе) произошла в пасхальное воскресенье 13 апреля 1873 года в Колфаксе, штат Луизиана, в приходе Грант. Столкновение произошло во время выборов губернатора Луизианы. Группа вооруженных демократов, которые сформировали ополчение, убила около 60-150 чернокожих горожан, являвшихся членами республиканской партии. В столкновении погибли трое белых. (ru)
  • 1873年4月13日复活节星期天,在路易斯安那州格兰特教区所在地科尔法克斯发生了科尔法克斯大屠杀,或称科尔法克斯骚乱,估计有62-153名黑人被前邦联士兵、3K党和白人联盟成员杀害。三名白人在对抗中死亡,据说至少有一名白人是被自己一方枪杀的。 在有争议的和地方官员的之后,一群配备了步枪和一门小炮的白人民主党人士,制服了占领科尔法克斯的格兰特教区法院的共和党自由民和州民兵(也是黑人)。大多数自由民在投降后被杀;近50人作为囚犯在被关押数小时后于当晚被杀。对死亡人数的估计各不相同,从62人到153人不等;3名白人死亡,但黑人受害者的人数难以确定,因为许多尸体被扔进红河或被移走埋葬,或可能在乱葬岗。 (zh)
dbo:causalties
  • 3 dead
dbo:combatant
  • * Black locals
  • * Nash's white paramilitary
  • * White locals
  • *Republican officials
  • Courthouse attackers
  • Courthouse occupiers
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  • *Attackers put on trial
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  • Between 62 and 153 dead (en)
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  • La masacre de Colfax ocurrió el Domingo de Pascua del 13 de abril de 1873 en la ciudad de Colfax, parroquia de Grant del estado de Luisiana, Estados Unidos. (es)
  • Колфакская резня (также бунт в Колфаксе) произошла в пасхальное воскресенье 13 апреля 1873 года в Колфаксе, штат Луизиана, в приходе Грант. Столкновение произошло во время выборов губернатора Луизианы. Группа вооруженных демократов, которые сформировали ополчение, убила около 60-150 чернокожих горожан, являвшихся членами республиканской партии. В столкновении погибли трое белых. (ru)
  • 1873年4月13日复活节星期天,在路易斯安那州格兰特教区所在地科尔法克斯发生了科尔法克斯大屠杀,或称科尔法克斯骚乱,估计有62-153名黑人被前邦联士兵、3K党和白人联盟成员杀害。三名白人在对抗中死亡,据说至少有一名白人是被自己一方枪杀的。 在有争议的和地方官员的之后,一群配备了步枪和一门小炮的白人民主党人士,制服了占领科尔法克斯的格兰特教区法院的共和党自由民和州民兵(也是黑人)。大多数自由民在投降后被杀;近50人作为囚犯在被关押数小时后于当晚被杀。对死亡人数的估计各不相同,从62人到153人不等;3名白人死亡,但黑人受害者的人数难以确定,因为许多尸体被扔进红河或被移走埋葬,或可能在乱葬岗。 (zh)
  • The Colfax massacre, referred to sometimes as the Colfax riot, occurred on Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, in Colfax, Louisiana, the parish seat of Grant Parish. An estimated 62–153 black militia men were murdered while surrendering to a mob of former Confederate soldiers and members of the Ku Klux Klan. Three white men also died during the confrontation. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, historians have given renewed attention to the events at Colfax and the resulting Supreme Court case. (en)
  • Pendant la Reconstruction, la ville de Colfax a été le théâtre d'un incident grave, lors de la fête de Pâques, le 13 avril 1873. Trois hommes blancs et approximativement 150 Afro-Américains furent tués lors d'un des plus importants actes de violence de toute la période de la Reconstruction. Une milice blanche, emmenée par (en), shérif élu sur une liste du Parti démocrate mais dont la nomination n'avait pas été officiellement validée, s'attaqua à des anciens esclaves libérés. Ces anciens esclaves assuraient la protection de représentants du Parti républicain au tribunal du comté. Ils s'y étaient rassemblés à la suite des tensions post-électorales. (fr)
  • Il massacro di Colfax (fino agli anni 1950 denominato dagli storici tumulto o rivolta di Colfax) si verificò la domenica di Pasqua 13 aprile 1873 nel territorio della parrocchia di Grant, quando circa 150 afroamericani vennero uccisi da sudisti bianchi; fu la carneficina a sfondo razziale più cruenta nel corso dell'Era della ricostruzione. (it)
rdfs:label
  • Colfax massacre (en)
  • Masacre de Colfax (es)
  • Massacre de Colfax (fr)
  • Massacro di Colfax (it)
  • Колфакская резня (ru)
  • 科爾法克斯大屠殺 (zh)
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