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- البولفرية أو مغالطة بولفر هي مغالطة منطقية. منهج البلفرية هو «افتراض أن الشخص المقابل على خطأ والقيام بشرح خطأه». يفترض البلفري أن حجة المتحدث غير صحيحة أو خاطئة ثم يقوم بشرح سبب ارتكابه لهذا الخطأ ومهاجمة المتحدث أو دافعه. تمت صياغة مصطلح البلفرية من قبل سي إس لويس ليسخر من خطأ خطير للغاية في التفكير أنه (كما يزعم) يتكرر في كثير من الأحيان في مجموعة متنوعة من المناقشات الدينية والسياسية والفلسفية. على غرار تحول الموضوع/الدافع الذي صاغه أنطوني فلو فإن البلفرية هي مغالطة تجاهل المطلوب. يتهم المرء حجة بأنها خاطئة على أساس هوية أو دوافع المجادل ولكن هذه الأمور بصراحة لا علاقة لها بصحة أو حقيقة الحجة. (ar)
- Bulverism is a type of ad hominem rhetorical fallacy that combines circular reasoning and the genetic fallacy with presumption or condescension. The method of Bulverism is to "assume that your opponent is wrong, and explain his error." The Bulverist assumes a speaker's argument is invalid or false and then explains why the speaker came to make that mistake or to be so silly (even if the opponent's claim is actually right) by attacking the speaker or the speaker's motive. The term Bulverism was humorously coined by C. S. Lewis after an imaginary character to poke fun at a very serious error in thinking that, he alleged, frequently occurred in a variety of religious, political, and philosophical debates. Similar to Antony Flew's "subject/motive shift", Bulverism is a fallacy of irrelevance. One accuses an argument of being wrong on the basis of the arguer's identity or motive, but these are strictly speaking irrelevant to the argument's validity or truth. (en)
- El bulverismo es una falacia lógica. El método de Bulverismo es "asumir que tu oponente está equivocado y explicar su error". El Bulverista asume que el argumento de un hablante es inválido o falso y luego explica por qué el hablante cometió ese error, atacando al hablante o el motivo del hablante. El término "Bulverismo" fue acuñado por C. S. Lewis para burlarse de un error, se repite a menudo en una variedad de debates religiosos, políticos y filosóficos. Similar al "cambio de sujeto / motivo" de Antony Flew, el Bulverismo es una falacia de irrelevancia. Uno acusa el argumento de estar equivocado sobre la base de la identidad o el motivo del argumentador, pero estos son estrictamente hablando irrelevantes para la validez o verdad del argumento. (es)
- Bulverisme is de naam die C.S. Lewis gaf aan wat feitelijk een uitvoerig argumentum ad hominem is.Deze drogreden gaat als volgt: 1.
* A doet bewering 'B'. 2.
* A wil om reden C graag dat 'B' waar is. 3.
* Dus bewering 'B' is onwaar. (nl)
- Bulverismo é o termo cunhado por C. S. Lewis para descrever uma falácia lógica na qual, em lugar de refutar um determinado argumento, uma pessoa assume que o mesmo esteja errado, passando em seguida a explicar o porquê de seu oponente estar fazendo uso de tal argumento. Trata-se essencialmente de uma falácia ad hominem circunstancial, similar à mudança sujeito-motivo apresentada por Antony Flew. O Bulverismo é falacioso porque os motivos de uma pessoa em nada interferem na veracidade ou falsidade de um argumento usado por essa pessoa. Lewis escreveu sobre o tema em um ensaio de mesmo nome em 1941, disponível em seu livro "God in the Dock" (Deus no Tribunal). Ele explica a origem do termo da seguinte maneira: (pt)
- 布佛氏論證（Bulverism）是一種「訴諸為何相信」的非形式謬誤，其假定某觀點是錯的，由此出發解釋為什麼許多人會相信它，然後斷定該觀點是錯誤的。 布佛氏論證預設了一個不當的前提：如果某個信念可以由不理性的因素解釋，則我們不必理會這個信念。 (zh)
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- Suppose I think, after doing my accounts, that I have a large balance at the bank. And suppose you want to find out whether this belief of mine is "wishful thinking." You can never come to any conclusion by examining my psychological condition. Your only chance of finding out is to sit down and work through the sum yourself. When you have checked my figures, then, and then only, will you know whether I have that balance or not. If you find my arithmetic correct, then no amount of vapouring about my psychological condition can be anything but a waste of time. If you find my arithmetic wrong, then it may be relevant to explain psychologically how I came to be so bad at my arithmetic, and the doctrine of the concealed wish will become relevant—but only after you have yourself done the sum and discovered me to be wrong on purely arithmetical grounds. It is the same with all thinking and all systems of thought. If you try to find out which are tainted by speculating about the wishes of the thinkers, you are merely making a fool of yourself. You must first find out on purely logical grounds which of them do, in fact, break down as arguments. Afterwards, if you like, go on and discover the psychological causes of the error.
You must show that a man is wrong before you start explaining why he is wrong. The modern method is to assume without discussion that he is wrong and then distract his attention from this by busily explaining how he became so silly. In the course of the last fifteen years I have found this vice so common that I have had to invent a name for it. I call it "Bulverism". Some day I am going to write the biography of its imaginary inventor, Ezekiel Bulver, whose destiny was determined at the age of five when he heard his mother say to his father—who had been maintaining that two sides of a triangle were together greater than a third—"Oh you say that because you are a man." "At that moment", E. Bulver assures us, "there flashed across my opening mind the great truth that refutation is no necessary part of argument. Assume that your opponent is wrong, and explain his error, and the world will be at your feet. Attempt to prove that he is wrong or try to find out whether he is wrong or right, and the national dynamism of our age will thrust you to the wall." That is how Bulver became one of the makers of the Twentieth Century. (en)
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- Bulverisme is de naam die C.S. Lewis gaf aan wat feitelijk een uitvoerig argumentum ad hominem is.Deze drogreden gaat als volgt: 1.
* A doet bewering 'B'. 2.
* A wil om reden C graag dat 'B' waar is. 3.
* Dus bewering 'B' is onwaar. (nl)
- 布佛氏論證（Bulverism）是一種「訴諸為何相信」的非形式謬誤，其假定某觀點是錯的，由此出發解釋為什麼許多人會相信它，然後斷定該觀點是錯誤的。 布佛氏論證預設了一個不當的前提：如果某個信念可以由不理性的因素解釋，則我們不必理會這個信念。 (zh)
- البولفرية أو مغالطة بولفر هي مغالطة منطقية. منهج البلفرية هو «افتراض أن الشخص المقابل على خطأ والقيام بشرح خطأه». يفترض البلفري أن حجة المتحدث غير صحيحة أو خاطئة ثم يقوم بشرح سبب ارتكابه لهذا الخطأ ومهاجمة المتحدث أو دافعه. تمت صياغة مصطلح البلفرية من قبل سي إس لويس ليسخر من خطأ خطير للغاية في التفكير أنه (كما يزعم) يتكرر في كثير من الأحيان في مجموعة متنوعة من المناقشات الدينية والسياسية والفلسفية. (ar)
- Bulverism is a type of ad hominem rhetorical fallacy that combines circular reasoning and the genetic fallacy with presumption or condescension. The method of Bulverism is to "assume that your opponent is wrong, and explain his error." The Bulverist assumes a speaker's argument is invalid or false and then explains why the speaker came to make that mistake or to be so silly (even if the opponent's claim is actually right) by attacking the speaker or the speaker's motive. The term Bulverism was humorously coined by C. S. Lewis after an imaginary character to poke fun at a very serious error in thinking that, he alleged, frequently occurred in a variety of religious, political, and philosophical debates. (en)
- El bulverismo es una falacia lógica. El método de Bulverismo es "asumir que tu oponente está equivocado y explicar su error". El Bulverista asume que el argumento de un hablante es inválido o falso y luego explica por qué el hablante cometió ese error, atacando al hablante o el motivo del hablante. El término "Bulverismo" fue acuñado por C. S. Lewis para burlarse de un error, se repite a menudo en una variedad de debates religiosos, políticos y filosóficos. (es)
- Bulverismo é o termo cunhado por C. S. Lewis para descrever uma falácia lógica na qual, em lugar de refutar um determinado argumento, uma pessoa assume que o mesmo esteja errado, passando em seguida a explicar o porquê de seu oponente estar fazendo uso de tal argumento. Trata-se essencialmente de uma falácia ad hominem circunstancial, similar à mudança sujeito-motivo apresentada por Antony Flew. O Bulverismo é falacioso porque os motivos de uma pessoa em nada interferem na veracidade ou falsidade de um argumento usado por essa pessoa. Lewis escreveu sobre o tema em um ensaio de mesmo nome em 1941, disponível em seu livro "God in the Dock" (Deus no Tribunal). (pt)
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- Bulverism (en)
- بولفرية (ar)
- Bulverismo (es)
- Bulverisme (nl)
- Bulverismo (pt)
- 布佛氏論證 (zh)
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