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- The Basoche was the guild of legal clerks of the Paris court system under the pre-revolutionary French monarchy, from among whom legal representatives (procureurs) were recruited. It was an ancient institution whose roots are unclear. The word itself derives from the Latin basilica, the kind of building in which the legal trade was practiced in the Middle Ages. It dated from the time when the profession of procureur (procurator, advocate or legal representative) was still free in the sense that persons rendering that service to others when so permitted by the law were not yet public and ministerial officers. For this purpose there was established near each important juridical centre a group of clerks, that is to say, of men skilled in law (or reputed to be so), who at first would probably fill indifferently the rôles of representative or advocate. Such was the origin of the Basoche of the parlement of Paris; which naturally formed itself into a guild, like other professions and trades in the Middle Ages. But this organization eventually became disintegrated, dividing up into more specialized bodies: that of the advocates, whose history then begins; and that of legal representatives, whose profession was regularized in 1344, and speedily became a saleable charge. The remnant of the original clerks constituted the new Basoche, which thenceforward consisted only of those who worked as clerks for the procureurs, the richer ones among them aspiring themselves to attain the position of procureur. They all, however, retained some traces of their original conditions. "They are admitted," writes an 18th-century author, "to plead before M. le lieutenant civil sur les réferés and before M. le juge auditeur; so that the procureurs of these days are but the former clerks of the Basoche, admitted to officiate in important cases in preference to other clerks and to their exclusion." From its ancient past the Basoche had also preserved certain picturesque forms and names. It was called the "kingdom of the Basoche," and for a long time its chief, elected each year in general assembly, bore the title of "king." This he had to give up towards the end of the 16th century, by order, it is said, of Henry III, and was thenceforth called the "chancellor." At this time it is said that the order included 6,000 clerks. The Basoche had besides its maîtres des requêtes, a grand court-crier, a referendary, an advocate-general, a procureur-général, a chaplain, etc. In early days, and until the first half of the 16th century, it was organized in companies in a military manner and held periodical reviews or parades (montres), sometimes taking up arms in the king's service in time of war. Of this there survived later only an annual cavalcade, when the members of the Basoche went to the royal forest of Bondy to cut the maypole, which they afterwards set up in the courtyard of the Palais de Justice, to the sound of tambourines and trumpets. We hear also of satirical and literary entertainments given by clerks of the Palais de Justice, and of the moralities played by them in public, which form an important element in the history of the national theatre; but at the end of the 16th century these performances were restricted to the great hall of the Palais. To the last the Basoche retained two principal prerogatives. (1) In order to be recognized as a qualified procureur it was necessary to have gone through one's "stage" in the Basoche, to have been entered by name for ten years on its register. It was not sufficient to have been merely clerk to a procureur during the period and to have been registered at his office. This rule was the occasion of frequent conflicts during the 17th and 18th centuries between the members of the Basoche and the procureurs, and on the whole, despite certain decisions favouring the latter, the parlement maintained the rights of the Basoche. Opinion was favourable to it because the certificats de complaisance issued by the procureurs were dreaded. These certificates held good, moreover, in places where there was no Basoche. (2) The Basoche had judiciary powers recognized by the law. It had disciplinary jurisdiction over its members and decided personal actions in civil law brought by one clerk against another or by an outsider against a clerk. The judgment, at any rate if delivered by a maître des requêtes, was authoritative, and could only be contested by a civil petition before the ancient council of the Basoche. The Châtelet of Paris had its special basoche, which claimed to be older even than that of the Palais de Justice, and there was contention between them as to certain rights. The clerks of the procureurs at the cour des comptes of Paris had their own Basoche of great antiquity, called the "empire de Galilée." The Basoche of the Palais de Justice had in its ancient days the right to create provostships in localities within the jurisdiction of the parlement of Paris, and thus there sprang up a certain number of local basoches. Others were independent in origin; among such being the "regency" of Rouen and the Basoche of the Parlement of Toulouse. Its powers faded over the years and towards the end, it had little genuine authority. It was abolished in the French revolution by the general decree of February 13, 1791. In modern French, basoche is a pejorative term for the legal trade as a whole. (en)
- Bazoche, auch: Basoche, war eine Gilde der Gerichtsschreiber (Advokatengehilfen: Les clercs de la bazoche) in Frankreich, die in einem der königlichen Paläste in Paris residierte. Die Anfänge der Gilde reichen weit ins Mittelalter zurück, ihre Geschichte endet im Wesentlichen in der französischen Revolution mit Dekret vom 13. Februar 1791. Die Bazoche ist nicht zuletzt deshalb bekannt geworden, weil sie ein ihr im Jahr 1303 verliehenes königliches Privileg zur Durchführung von religiösen Aufführungen nutzte, um alljährlich zumeist satirische Schauspiele auf die Bühne zu bringen. Im heutigen Französischen ist Basoche eine pejorative Bezeichnung für den Rechtsverkehr als ganzen. (de)
- La basoche était une corporation d'étudiants, de juristes comprenant notaires, huissiers, juges, avocats, procureurs et gens de justice et résidant au Palais royal de l'île de la Cité (actuel Palais de justice), sous l'Ancien Régime. Le terme de « basoche » vient du mot latin basilica, lui-même issu du grec ancien βασιλική basilikḗ ; les membres de la guilde étaient désignés sous le nom de clercs de la basoche ou basochiens. (fr)
- Nella Francia dell'Ancien Régime la Basoche (in fr. Confrérie de la Basoche) era la corporazione dei clercs de justice ("chierici di giustizia"), ovvero degli impiegati degli avvocati e dei procuratori legali.La parola basoche è una deformazione del latino basilica, usato nel Medioevo anche per indicare il palazzo di giustizia. (it)
- Bazoche of basoche was oorspronkelijk de gilde van klerken van het Parlement van Parijs. Het woord bazoche is oudfrans voor basilica, hier in de betekenis van curia regis of koninklijk paleis, wat overigens de oorsprong was van het Parlement van Parijs. De basochards of leden van de bazoche woonden in het justitiepaleis. Uit hun midden werden de procureurs gekozen voor de ordehandhaving. Ook Franse steden buiten Parijs kenden een bazoche van hun eigen parlement tijdens het ancien régime: Toulouse, Bordeaux, Rouen en Dijon. De bazoches bestonden van de 15e eeuw tot de Franse Revolutie. Hun hoogtepunt was in de 15e en 16e eeuw. De gilde organiseerde zich, op ironiserende wijze, met een eigen koning, kanselier, bisschop en hofraden. Aanvankelijk mocht de bazoche religieuze taferelen spelen voor de Notre Dame in Parijs. Gaandeweg werd het een vereniging van klerken en niet-klerken die satirische stukken opvoerden. Zo was er sprake van Jeux de Farce of Jeux de Sotise. Dit waren hun theaterstukken met uitsluitend persiflages en komedie. Op Mardi Gras vonden de grootste optochten van de bazoches plaats. De bazoches droegen duidelijk bij tot de ontwikkeling van middeleeuwse komedies in Parijs. Franse koningen poogden de bazoches af te schaffen omwille van hun opruiende satire, maar dat lukte eigenlijk niet. Zo was bijvoorbeeld Hendrik III misnoegd over het optreden van de roi des basoches, ook wel roi pour rire genoemd. Hij had het gehad met de bazoche en verbood (tijdelijk) deze vertoningen. Bazoche heeft vandaag een pejoratieve betekenis. Het is een smalende term over rechtspleging. (nl)
- Базо́ш (фр. Basoche или confrèrie de la Bazoche) — корпорация французских прокурорских клерков, возникшая в Париже в начале XIV века и получившая своё название по месту службы — зданию парламента, долгое время бывшим королевским дворцом (basilica, отсюда «базош»). Клерками базо́ш назывались чиновники судов, — в отличие от советников парламента или королевского суда (gens de la Cour). В 1303 году Филипп Красивый дал корпорации базош привилегию театральных представлений духовного содержания (moralites), которые позже сменились фарсами (farces) и соти (sotties), и положили начало литературной французской комедии. Самый знаменитый фарс из судебного быта — «Maitre Pathelin» (1480). Базош просуществовала до революции. (ru)
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- La basoche était une corporation d'étudiants, de juristes comprenant notaires, huissiers, juges, avocats, procureurs et gens de justice et résidant au Palais royal de l'île de la Cité (actuel Palais de justice), sous l'Ancien Régime. Le terme de « basoche » vient du mot latin basilica, lui-même issu du grec ancien βασιλική basilikḗ ; les membres de la guilde étaient désignés sous le nom de clercs de la basoche ou basochiens. (fr)
- Nella Francia dell'Ancien Régime la Basoche (in fr. Confrérie de la Basoche) era la corporazione dei clercs de justice ("chierici di giustizia"), ovvero degli impiegati degli avvocati e dei procuratori legali.La parola basoche è una deformazione del latino basilica, usato nel Medioevo anche per indicare il palazzo di giustizia. (it)
- Bazoche, auch: Basoche, war eine Gilde der Gerichtsschreiber (Advokatengehilfen: Les clercs de la bazoche) in Frankreich, die in einem der königlichen Paläste in Paris residierte. Die Anfänge der Gilde reichen weit ins Mittelalter zurück, ihre Geschichte endet im Wesentlichen in der französischen Revolution mit Dekret vom 13. Februar 1791. Die Bazoche ist nicht zuletzt deshalb bekannt geworden, weil sie ein ihr im Jahr 1303 verliehenes königliches Privileg zur Durchführung von religiösen Aufführungen nutzte, um alljährlich zumeist satirische Schauspiele auf die Bühne zu bringen. (de)
- The Basoche was the guild of legal clerks of the Paris court system under the pre-revolutionary French monarchy, from among whom legal representatives (procureurs) were recruited. It was an ancient institution whose roots are unclear. The word itself derives from the Latin basilica, the kind of building in which the legal trade was practiced in the Middle Ages. (en)
- Bazoche of basoche was oorspronkelijk de gilde van klerken van het Parlement van Parijs. Het woord bazoche is oudfrans voor basilica, hier in de betekenis van curia regis of koninklijk paleis, wat overigens de oorsprong was van het Parlement van Parijs. De basochards of leden van de bazoche woonden in het justitiepaleis. Uit hun midden werden de procureurs gekozen voor de ordehandhaving. Bazoche heeft vandaag een pejoratieve betekenis. Het is een smalende term over rechtspleging. (nl)
- Базо́ш (фр. Basoche или confrèrie de la Bazoche) — корпорация французских прокурорских клерков, возникшая в Париже в начале XIV века и получившая своё название по месту службы — зданию парламента, долгое время бывшим королевским дворцом (basilica, отсюда «базош»). Клерками базо́ш назывались чиновники судов, — в отличие от советников парламента или королевского суда (gens de la Cour). Базош просуществовала до революции. (ru)
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