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| - Adolfo Lutz was a Brazilian physician, 1855-1940, father of tropical medicine and medical zoology in Brazil, and a pioneer epidemiologist and researcher in infectious diseases. Lutz was born in Rio de Janeiro, on December 18, 1855, to a family of Swiss origins. He studied medicine in Switzerland, graduating in 1879 at the University of Bern. After graduation he went on to study experimental medicine techniques in several center in London, England (where he studied with Joseph Lister, 1827-1921), Leipzig, Germany, Vienna, Austria, Prague and Paris, France . Upon his return to Brazil in 1881, Lutz initially worked as a general clinician in the small city of Limeira, state of São Paulo for 6 years. Wishing to pursue medical research, he returned to Hamburg, Germany once again, to work with Paul Gerson Unna, specializing in infectious diseases and tropical medicine. As a result of his increasing fame, he was invited to the post of director of Kalihi Hospital, in Hawaii, where he carried out research on leprosy. Following this, he worked for a while in California, USA, before returning in 1892 to Brazil, attending an invitation from the government of the state of São Paulo to direct the Bacteriological Institute (later renamed in his honor to Instituto Adolfo Lutz, still in existence today in the city of São Paulo. The city of Santos was undergoing a severe epidemic of bubonic plague and Lutz went to work on it together with two other young physicians who would become luminaries of Brazilian medicine, Emílio Ribas and Vital Brazil. Vital Brazil and Lutz became friends, and Lutz supported Vital Brazil's pioneering research on antivenoms for snake bites, contributing decisively for the creation of another research institution in São Paulo, exclusively devoted to ophydism, the Instituto Butantan. This serology institute hosted a plant for producing vaccines and antisera against several diseases, such as smallpox and plague. Lutz was the first Latin American scientist to study in depth and to confirm the mechanisms of transmission of yellow fever by the Aedes aegypti species of mosquitoes, its natural reservoir and vector, as they had been discovered a few years before, by American physician Walter Reed. Lutz was also responsible for the identification of South American blastomycosis, which received his name . His dedication to public health was also paramount to the research and fight of several epidemics in many points in Brazil, such as cholera, bubonic plague, smallpox, typhoid fever, malaria, ankylostomiasis, schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis; which were then widely prevalent as tropical diseases in the state, due to the poor conditions of poverty, hygiene and ignorance about its transmission mechanisms. To this purpose, Lutz travelled widely across Brazil, visiting often the country's hinterland along the São Francisco River. Among his many accomplishments, Adolfo Lutz was also a pioneer researcher on medical entomology and the therapeutic properties of Brazilian plants . As a zoologist, he described several new species of amphibians and insects such as Anopheles lutzii . After his retirement in 1908, Dr. Adolfo Lutz moved to Rio de Janeiro, where he worked for 32 more years, until his death, on October 6, 1940, at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, created by another great Brazilian physician and epidemiologist, Oswaldo Cruz, and where he was a director of the Institute of Experimental Pathology. Berta Lutz (1894-1976), an important Brazilian zoologist, feminist and politician, was his daughter. (en)
- Adolpho Lutz est un médecin et un naturaliste brésillien, né le 18 décembre 1855 à Rio de Janeiro et mort le 6 octobre 1940 dans cette même ville.Sa famille est d’origine suisse. Il s’intéresse très tôt à l’histoire naturelle mais décide, pour des raisons pratiques, d’étudier à la médecine. Il part fart ses études à Berne et dans d’autres universités européennes. Diplômé en 1880 à Berne, il revient au Brésil en 1881 et commence à exercer dans la petite ville de Limeira, dans l’État de São Paulo.En 1887, il part à Hambourg, travailler avec Paul Gerson Unna, spécialisé sur les maladies tropicales. Sa renommée grandissante, il part à Hawaii pour y étudier la lèpre et diriger le Kalihi Hospital de 1889 à 1892. Il travaille quelque temps en Californie et revient à São Paulo où il reçoit la direction de l’Institut bactériologique .La ville de Santos est alors frappé par une épidémie de peste bubonique. Lutz part alors la combattre, assisté par deux jeunes médecins, Vital Brazil et Emílio Ribas, qui joueront un rôle considérable dans l’histoire de la médecine brésilienne. Brazil et Lutz deviennent de proches amis. Lutz soutiendra Brazil dans ses premières recherches sur les morsures de serpents qui conduiront à la création du premier centre de recherche consacré uniquement à ce sujet, l’Instituto Butantan. Lutz est le premier chercheur sud-américain qui s’intéresse à l’étude de la fièvre jaune et aux mécanismes de sa transmission. Il étudie notamment le rôle joué par Aedes aegypti comme réserve naturelle et vecteur de la maladie, rôle découvert quelques années plus tôt par le médecin américain Walter Reed . Lutz identification également la forme sud-américaine de la blastomycose. Lutz tente de prévenir diverses maladies (comme le choléra, la variole, la fièvre typhoïde, le paludisme, les ankylostomiases, les schistosomiases et les leishmanioses dont la transmission est facilitée par la misère ou l’ignorance concernant leur mode de transmission. Après son départ à la retraite en 1908, il travaille pour l’Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Dans le domaine zoologique, il fait paraître plusieurs articles sur les serpents et sur les grenouilles . Il s’intéressera toute sa vie au grenouilles bien qu’il soit l’auteur que de peu nombreuses publications. Il co-signe les dernières qui paraissent avec sa fille, Berta Lutz, zoologiste, féministe et femme politique. Celle-ci continuera ses recherches herpétologiques après sa mort. Son fils, Gualter Adolpho Lutz (1903-1969), est professeur de médecine à Rio de Janeiro et photographe naturaliste. (fr)
- Adolfo Lutz (* Río de Janeiro, estado de Río de Janeiro; 18 de diciembre de 1855 – † Id; 6 de octubre de 1940), médico y científico, padre de la medicina tropical y de la zoomedicina en Brasil. Pionero en la en investigaciones y enfermedades infecciosas. (es)
- Adolfo Lutz (Rio de Janeiro, 18 de dezembro de 1855 — Rio de Janeiro, 6 de outubro de 1940) foi um médico e cientista brasileiro, pai da medicina tropical e da zoologia médica no Brasil. Pioneiro na área de epidemiologia e na pesquisa de doenças infecciosas. (pt)
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