The Xianbei were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan. They were descendants of the Donghu, which used to be believed to represent the “Eastern Hu” based on the Chinese record. Now most Chinese historians believe that Donghu by itself was an ethnonym, rather than having derived from their location on the east of the Xiongnu. Whereas Donghu was a Chinese transcription, the Mongolian reference was “Tünghu” .

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  • The Xianbei were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan. They were descendants of the Donghu, which used to be believed to represent the “Eastern Hu” based on the Chinese record. Now most Chinese historians believe that Donghu by itself was an ethnonym, rather than having derived from their location on the east of the Xiongnu. Whereas Donghu was a Chinese transcription, the Mongolian reference was “Tünghu” . Later they migrated south and westward into areas of the modern Chinese provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, and Liaoning. Possibly some Xianbei groups also lived in ancient Eastern Heilongjiang or Hulun Manchu Imperial province, currently Khabarovsk and Amur regions in the Russian Far East. The Xianbei people consisted of a federation of non-Han groups of which the most important was the Tuoba (拓跋). During the Han Dynasty, they occupied the steppes in Mongolia, Hebei and Liaodong. After the downfall of the Xiongnu, the Xianbei set up the nomadic Xianbei state. After the fall of the Han dynasty, the Xianbei established extensive presence in China. During the Sixteen Kingdoms (304-439) period, the Xianbei founded six kingdoms in China proper, including the Former Yan (281-370), Western Yan (384-394), Later Yan (383-407), Southern Yan (398-410), Western Qin (385-430) and Southern Liang (397-414). Most of them were unified by the Tuoba Xianbei, who established the Northern Wei (386-535), which was the first of the Northern Dynasties (386-581) founded by the Xianbei. In 534, the Northern Wei split into an Eastern Wei (534-550) and a Western Wei (535-556). The former evolved into the Northern Qi (550-577), and the latter into the Northern Zhou (557-581), while the Southern Dynasties were pushed to the south of the Yangtze River. In 581, the Prime Minister, Yang Jian, of the Northern Zhou, changed its national title into the Sui Dynasty (581-618). His son, Emperor Yang Guang, annihilated the Southern Chen (557-589), the last kingdom of the Southern Dynasties, thereby unifying northern and southern China. After the Sui came to an end amidst peasant rebellions and renegade troops, his cousin, Li Shimin, founded the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Born in Qin’an, Gansu and revered as “the Heavenly Khan,” or “Tian kehan”, Li led China to develop into the most prosperous state of civilization in history. Contrary to conventional beliefs that the Sui and Tang were founded by the “Han” ethnic group, these two powerful dynasties inherited the political structures of the Northern Wei and continued to be of Xianbei establishments. In fact, the Tang could be considered as the resurrection of the Northern Wei founded by the Tuoba Xianbei. Through these political establishments, the Xianbei who entered China were largely merged with the Chinese, while those who remained behind in the northern grassland emerged as later powers to rule over China. The Khitans, or “Qidan” in Chinese, who founded the subsequent Liao Dynasty (916-1125), derived their ancestral origins from the Yuwen Xianbei in southern Mongolia, who had earlier founded the Western Wei (535-556) and Northern Zhou (557-581) of the Northern Dynasties. The rule of the Khitans in China proper gave rise to the reference of China known as “Hătāi” and “Cathay” in the Persian and European countries. . Subsequently the Mongols who founded the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) in China proper derived their ancestries from the northern Manchuria and northeastern Mongolia, who were referred to as “Mengwu Shiwei”, which was a variant Chinese transcription of “Mongol Xianbei,” since “Xianbei” was also recorded as “Sian-pie,” “Serbi,” “Sirbi” and “Sirvi”. Today the "Monguor" as known in the West and as “Tu Zu” in China have descended from the Xianbei who were led by Tuyuhun Khan to migrate westward and establish the Tuyuhun Kingdom (284-670) in the third century and Western Xia (1038-1227) through the thirteenth century. Today they are primarily distributed in Qinghai and Gansu Province, and speak an Altaic Mongolic language. The multi-ethnic environment and relative distant distribution in the northwest, detached from the political centers of China, have enabled them to preserve their language and culture until the present times. The Xibe or "Xi Bo" people also believed themselves to be descendants of the Xianbei, with considerable controversies that have attributed their origins to the Jurchens, the Elunchun, and the Xianbei. Since they were historically referred to as "Suolun people" and spoke Tungus rather than Mongolic language, they may have derived their origins from one or more fractions of the Xianbei or other ethnic groups subjugated by the Xianbei. While most of the Xianbei went south and westward to establish different empires, they remained behind in Manchuria until subjugated by the Jurchens who moved southward from the Tungus Plains in Eastern Russia.
  • Die Xianbei waren eine Horde aus dem mongolisch-mandschurischen Grenzgebiet, deren ethnische Zusammensetzung zwar unbekannt ist, aber von diversen Historikern als wahrscheinlich proto-mongolisch diskutiert wird. Sie waren der nördliche Zweig der Dong-hu, so wie die Wuhuan 乌桓 deren südlicher Zweig waren. Der Aufstieg der Xianbei fällt mit dem Niedergang der Xiongnu im 1. Jhrd. zusammen. In den Jahren 87 und 93 besiegten und töteten sie zwei Shanyu der Xiongnu. Der bedeutendste Herrscher der Xianbei war Tán Shíhuái 檀石槐 (regierte Mitte des 2. Jhrd. bis 181), der die Reste der (Nord-)Xiongnu westlich des Altai endgültig unterwarf und den Ili erreichte. Mehrmals griff er auch (158 im Bündnis mit den Süd-Xiongnu) die Chinesische Mauer an. Die Söhne und Neffen hatten nicht seine Qualitäten und so löste sich die Xianbei-Konföderation etwa 233 auf. Teile der Xianbei-Konföderation zogen von Liaodong nach Henan und vernichteten dort unter dem Khan Tsun (Murong Jun, † 360) 352 das Reich der (Süd-)Xiongnu. Ihr dort gegründetes Reich bestand aber bloß bis 370, wurde von einem ebenso kurzlebigen Reich eines tibetischen Eroberers ersetzt, das schließlich 386 den Tabgatschen (Wei-Dynastie, eine von drei Untergruppen der Xianbei) weichen musste.
  • Els sien-pei (o sienpei) foren una horda nòmada probablement mongola que vivia als limits de la mdoerna Manxúria. Apareixen per primer cop al segle I quan els xinesos els van utilitzar contra els xiongnu, als que després dels atacs van deixar força debilitats. El 93 el nou chan-yu dels xiongnu, imposat pels xinesos tres anys abans, es va revoltar contra Xina, i els xinesos van instigar altra cop contra els rebels als sien-pei; aquesta vegada la victoria dels sien-pei fou cpompleta i els xiongnu ja no és van refer mai del tot. El 109 els xiongnu septentrionals van tornar a la carrega contra Xina i van atacar les posicions frontereres xineses; el governador xinès de Leao-tong (o Leaotong), el general Keng Kuei, va cridat en ajut una vegada més als sien-pei. El 155 els xiongnu septentrionals foren finalment sotmesos pels sienpei; aquestos estaven dirigits per un cap que els xinesos anomenaven Tan-xe-huai. Després de derrotar els xiongnu van arribar fins a la Mongòlia occidental fins al territori dels wu-suen (el Balkhadj) encara que probablement això foren només incursions i el seu domini es va aturar al Bogdokan. El cap sien-pei va assolir les anteriors aspiracions xiongnu sobre la Xina. El 156 va atacar la província xinesa de Leao-tong però fou rebutjat; llavors va atacar als xiongnu meridionals, vassalls xinesos, i es va entendre amb ells i junts van fer un atac a la zona fronterera de Xina al Shansi i al Kansu, però es van haver de retirar a l'arribada d'un exèrcit xinès. Més tard, el 177, els sien-pei van tornar a atacar, aquesta vegada al Leao-si, es a dir a la província a l'oest del riu Leao-ho, al sud-oest de Manxúria, però foren altra cop rebutjats pel general Txao Pao. Al començament segle III sota la pressió dels sien-pei, els xiongnu meridonals, vassalls xinesos, es van establir a l'estepa d'Ordos fins al riu Groc i a l'Alashan. El 220 en mig de la guerra civil va desaparèixer a Xina la dinastia Han però en aquell moment les diverses hordes, i entre elles els sienpei (també els xiongnu meridionals, xiongnu septentrionals, i wuhuan) estaven totes prou debilitades per intentar res seriós cap al sud, però més endavant els sien-pei, dels que en depenien els xiongnu, van aprofitar els canvis per atacar la frontera del Kansu per la part de Leang-Txeu, on foren rebutjats pel general Ma Long el 279. En aquesta època un clan del sien-pei, els mujong, es va crear un regne propi al Leao-tong i al Leao-si al sud-oest de la moderna Manxúria.
  • Los Xianbei fueron un importante pueblo nómada que residía en lo que actualmente es Manchuria y Mongolia Oriental, o Xianbei Shan, un término histórico para el Gran Khingan, antes de migrar a áreas en las actuales provincias chinas de Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Hebei, Mongolia Interior y Liaoning.
  • Les Xianbei (鮮卑, parfois transcrit Sien-pei) sont les représentants d'une tribu proto-mongole venue du haut Amour et établie en Mongolie actuelle au II siècle. Leur chef Tan Shihuai leur donnera l'hégémonie sur la Mongolie orientale au détriment des Xiongnu septentrionaux. Les Xianbei sont des éleveurs nomades organisés en clans. Ils maîtrisent la métallurgie et l'orfèvrerie, fabriquent des arcs portant à grande distance à partir de cornes collées. Ils portent des vêtements de cuir et de tissus. Les femmes se coiffent d'un bonnet pointu orné de coraux et de perles. Ils utilisent des passeports fait de bois, et les seigneurs envoient leurs ordres gravés dans le bois. On n'a pas retrouvé de traces de cette sorte d'écriture. Ils enterrent les morts avec leur cheval et leurs vêtements brûlés. Ils sacrifient un chien à côté du cadavre pour préserver l'âme du mort. Le futur gendre doit travailler deux ans dans la yourte des parents de sa promise avant de l'épouser.
  • 鮮卑(せんぴ、ピン音:Xiānbēi 紀元前1世紀? - 6世紀)は中国北部に存在していた遊牧騎馬民族。魏晋南北朝時代には南下して中国に北魏などの国を建てた。
  • Xianbei of Särbi was de naam van een vermoedelijk proto-Mongools nomadenvolk dat in het noorden van China leefde. Ze waren afstammelingen van de Donghu. Na de val van de Han-dynastie hebben zij gedurende de Periode van de Zestien Koninkrijken een aantal eigen staten gevormd, waaronder Vroeg en Laat-Yan, West-Qin en Zuid-Liang. Hun belangrijkste staat was echter Noordelijk Wei, een directe voorloper van de Sui-dynastie. De Kitan zouden afstammelingen zijn van de Xianbei. Duizend jaar geleden werden de Xianbei door de Han-Chinezen beschouwd als barbaren en werden muren gebouwd om ze buiten het Chinese rijk te houden. Veel Xianbei veranderden hun gewoontes en achternamen, nadat ze naar China waren geïmmigreerd.
  • Xianbeifolket var et stort nomadisk folk som holdt til i de områder som i dag er Mandsjuria (nord i Kina og det østlige Mongolia, og som senere vandret inn i de kinesiske provinsene Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Hebei, Indre Mongolia og Liaoning. Noen stammer av xianbeifolket forble, eller havnet, i østdelen av det gamle Mandsjukeiserdømmet, i den mandsjuprovinsen som ble kjent som het det østlige Heilungkiang og som nå svarer til Khabarovsk- eller Amur-områdene i Russland. Xianbeifolket var en føderasjon av en rekke ikke-kinesiske stammegrupper. Den viktigste av dem var tuobastammen. De ble en viktig del av kinesisk kultur under Han-tiden, da de befolket de mongolske stepper og det som i dag er provinsene Hebei og Liaodong. Etter Han-dynastiets fall etablerte de en rekke egne riker, som Yan-dynastiet, Det vestlige Qin-dynasti, Det sørlige Liang og fremfor alt det nordlige Wei. På Tang-dynastiets tid hadde de langt på vei blitt assimilert i den kinesiske han-kulturen både hva gjaldt, seddvaner og skikker, administrasjon og språk. Grunnleggerne av både Sui-dynastiet og av Tang-dynastiet var sønner av tuoba-prinsesser, og dermed halvblods xianbei. En kinesisk hersker av xianbei-bakgrunn skal ifølge kildene ha vært lyshåret, likesom endel tatarer fra samme området også var det. Det er mulig at de var beslektet med den moderne tids turkotatarske folk.
  • Xianbei – azjatycki lud koczowniczy, od III w. p.n.e. zajmujący terytoria na północny zachód od Chin, który w IV wieku założył szereg państw na terenie północnych Chin, w tym cesarstwo Północnej dynastii Wei (386 - 535).
  • Сяньби — племена кочевников. Жили на территории Внутренней Монголии. Выделились из союза дунху в III веке до н.  э. Настоящие самоназвание не известно. Этноним «сяньби» — условность. В различных китайских источниках упоминались под именами «Sirbi», «Sirvi», «Sarbi».
  • Sien-Pi, Moğolistan ve Mançurya sınırı civarında yaşamış, etnik yapıları tam olarak aydınlatılamamış karışık boylardan oluşan bir konfederasyon. Vu-Huan (烏桓 wū huán) konfederasyonu Hiung-nu'ların güneydoğusunda Sien-Pi'ler Hiung nu'ların kuzeydoğusunda oluşturmuşdur. Hiung-nu birliğinden kopan bu topluluklar eski ortaklarına saldırmıştır. Sien Pi'lerin kalkış dönemi Hiung-nu'ların yıkılma dönemine denk gelmektedir. 87 ile 93 yılları arasında Hiung-nu'ların iki Şanyu'sunu (hükümdarlarını) öldürmüşlerdir. Sien-Pi'lerin en namlı hükümdarları 2'nci yüzyılın ortalarından 181 yılına kadar tahtta kalmış Tan Şıhuay olmuştur. Tan Şıhuay kuzey Hiung-nu'ları mağlub etmeyi başarmış ve topraklarını İli nehrine kadar genişletmiştir. Çok kez Çin Seddi'ni aşmıştır. Oğulları ve yeğenleri kendi yerini tutamamış ve böylece Sien Pi konfederasyonu 233 yılında dağılmışdır. Sien-Pi'lerin bir bölümü Liaotung (遼東)'dan Henan'a doğru hareket etmiş ve orada Han Tsun (Murong Jun komutası altında 352 yılında güney Hiung nu'ları mağlup etmiştir. Orada kurdukları Yan Hanedanları fazla ayakta duramamış ve 370 yılında aynı kendileri gibi kısa ömürlü Çian Çin hanedanını kuran tibetli Di kavminden Fu Jian 'a yenik düşmüştür. Ancak 16 yıl sonra 386 yılında bu bölgede Tabgaçlar Tuoba Gui Kuzey Vey Hanedanı'nı kurmuştur. Tabgaçlar da Sien Pi'lerin zamanında bir Sien Pi boyuydu.
  • 鲜卑,古代中国北方遊牧民族。源自山戎,名稱有吉祥與神獸的意義,指的是馴鹿。 汉朝时期,匈奴以东的遊牧部落被匈奴的冒顿单于击败后,退居乌桓山和鲜卑山,成为乌桓和鲜卑二族,合称东胡民族。鲜卑起源于辽东塞外鲜卑山,后主要活动于内蒙古东部科尔沁旗哈古勒河附近。 2世紀時占据匈奴領地,稱雄塞北。4世紀西晉滅亡後,鲜卑陸續在今天的中国北方建立前燕、代國、後燕、西燕、西秦、南涼、南燕及北魏等國,而漠北則由鮮卑別支柔然稱霸。439年北魏統一北方,之後時常與柔然發生衝突。而後北魏經歷六鎮之亂後分裂成東魏、西魏,東魏、西魏隨後也分別被北齊、北周所篡。最後北周統一華北,於581年因楊堅篡位而亡。稱霸塞北的柔然汗國也於552年為突厥汗國所滅。於五胡十六國時期在青海建立的鮮卑別支吐谷渾汗國則維持到663年為吐蕃所滅。
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  • The Xianbei were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan. They were descendants of the Donghu, which used to be believed to represent the “Eastern Hu” based on the Chinese record. Now most Chinese historians believe that Donghu by itself was an ethnonym, rather than having derived from their location on the east of the Xiongnu. Whereas Donghu was a Chinese transcription, the Mongolian reference was “Tünghu” .
  • Die Xianbei waren eine Horde aus dem mongolisch-mandschurischen Grenzgebiet, deren ethnische Zusammensetzung zwar unbekannt ist, aber von diversen Historikern als wahrscheinlich proto-mongolisch diskutiert wird. Sie waren der nördliche Zweig der Dong-hu, so wie die Wuhuan 乌桓 deren südlicher Zweig waren. Der Aufstieg der Xianbei fällt mit dem Niedergang der Xiongnu im 1. Jhrd. zusammen. In den Jahren 87 und 93 besiegten und töteten sie zwei Shanyu der Xiongnu.
  • Els sien-pei (o sienpei) foren una horda nòmada probablement mongola que vivia als limits de la mdoerna Manxúria. Apareixen per primer cop al segle I quan els xinesos els van utilitzar contra els xiongnu, als que després dels atacs van deixar força debilitats.
  • Los Xianbei fueron un importante pueblo nómada que residía en lo que actualmente es Manchuria y Mongolia Oriental, o Xianbei Shan, un término histórico para el Gran Khingan, antes de migrar a áreas en las actuales provincias chinas de Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Hebei, Mongolia Interior y Liaoning.
  • Les Xianbei (鮮卑, parfois transcrit Sien-pei) sont les représentants d'une tribu proto-mongole venue du haut Amour et établie en Mongolie actuelle au II siècle. Leur chef Tan Shihuai leur donnera l'hégémonie sur la Mongolie orientale au détriment des Xiongnu septentrionaux. Les Xianbei sont des éleveurs nomades organisés en clans. Ils maîtrisent la métallurgie et l'orfèvrerie, fabriquent des arcs portant à grande distance à partir de cornes collées.
  • 鮮卑(せんぴ、ピン音:Xiānbēi 紀元前1世紀? - 6世紀)は中国北部に存在していた遊牧騎馬民族。魏晋南北朝時代には南下して中国に北魏などの国を建てた。
  • Xianbei of Särbi was de naam van een vermoedelijk proto-Mongools nomadenvolk dat in het noorden van China leefde. Ze waren afstammelingen van de Donghu. Na de val van de Han-dynastie hebben zij gedurende de Periode van de Zestien Koninkrijken een aantal eigen staten gevormd, waaronder Vroeg en Laat-Yan, West-Qin en Zuid-Liang. Hun belangrijkste staat was echter Noordelijk Wei, een directe voorloper van de Sui-dynastie. De Kitan zouden afstammelingen zijn van de Xianbei.
  • Xianbeifolket var et stort nomadisk folk som holdt til i de områder som i dag er Mandsjuria (nord i Kina og det østlige Mongolia, og som senere vandret inn i de kinesiske provinsene Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Hebei, Indre Mongolia og Liaoning. Noen stammer av xianbeifolket forble, eller havnet, i østdelen av det gamle Mandsjukeiserdømmet, i den mandsjuprovinsen som ble kjent som het det østlige Heilungkiang og som nå svarer til Khabarovsk- eller Amur-områdene i Russland.
  • Xianbei – azjatycki lud koczowniczy, od III w. p.n.e. zajmujący terytoria na północny zachód od Chin, który w IV wieku założył szereg państw na terenie północnych Chin, w tym cesarstwo Północnej dynastii Wei (386 - 535).
  • Сяньби — племена кочевников. Жили на территории Внутренней Монголии. Выделились из союза дунху в III веке до н.  э. Настоящие самоназвание не известно. Этноним «сяньби» — условность. В различных китайских источниках упоминались под именами «Sirbi», «Sirvi», «Sarbi».
  • Sien-Pi, Moğolistan ve Mançurya sınırı civarında yaşamış, etnik yapıları tam olarak aydınlatılamamış karışık boylardan oluşan bir konfederasyon. Vu-Huan (烏桓 wū huán) konfederasyonu Hiung-nu'ların güneydoğusunda Sien-Pi'ler Hiung nu'ların kuzeydoğusunda oluşturmuşdur. Hiung-nu birliğinden kopan bu topluluklar eski ortaklarına saldırmıştır. Sien Pi'lerin kalkış dönemi Hiung-nu'ların yıkılma dönemine denk gelmektedir.
rdfs:label
  • Xianbei
  • Xianbei
  • Sienpei
  • Xianbei
  • Xianbei
  • 鮮卑
  • Xianbei
  • Xianbei
  • Xianbei
  • Сяньби
  • Sien-Piler
  • 鲜卑
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