William Kaye Estes is an American psychologist. As an undergraduate, he was a student of Richard M. Elliott at the University of Minnesota. As a graduate student he stayed at the University of Minnesota, and worked under B. F. Skinner. When he later had his doctorate, he joined Skinner on the faculty at Indiana University. After Estes got out of the U. S. Army at the end of World War II, he established his reputation as one of the originators of mathematical learning theory.

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  • William Kaye Estes is an American psychologist. As an undergraduate, he was a student of Richard M. Elliott at the University of Minnesota. As a graduate student he stayed at the University of Minnesota, and worked under B. F. Skinner. When he later had his doctorate, he joined Skinner on the faculty at Indiana University. After Estes got out of the U. S. Army at the end of World War II, he established his reputation as one of the originators of mathematical learning theory. When high speed, high capacity computers later came along, Estes' models laid the foundation for modern artificial intelligence and artificial neural network developments. Estes went from Indiana University to Stanford University, to Rockefeller University in New York, and finally to Harvard University where he again worked with Skinner. After retiring from Harvard, he returned to Bloomington, Indiana, where he remained active in academics to become professor emeritus at his original academic home department. One of William Estes's most famous contributions to learning theory was his model of intelligence, in which he postulated that the rate of change in a human's knowledge is equal to the product of their intelligence and the difference between their current level of knowledge and their studiousness. Mathematically, this can be expressed by the differential equation dk/dt+lk=λl, where knowledge k and studiousness λ are expressed as percentages, which has the solution k=λ(1-e^), assuming that the human began with no knowledge of the subject. Taking the limit as time approaches infinity, one finds that, given an infinite amount of time, a human's knowledge is equal only to their studiousness; the intelligence l merely affects the rate at which his or her knowledge approaches that limit.
  • William Kaye Estes on yhdysvaltalainen psykologi. Hän opiskeli B. F. Skinnerin johdolla ja teki tämän kanssa sittemmin yhteistyötäkin. Hän vaikutti useilla yliopistoilla, mm. Indianassa ja Harvardissa. Estesin teosten joukossa ovat Learning Theory and Mental Development, Statistical Models in Behavioral Research ja Classification and Cognition. Estes sai vuonna 1997 National Medal of Sciencen. Hän on toiminut Kansallisen tiedeakatemian jäsenenä vuodesta 1963.
  • William Kaye Estes er blant de mest betydningsfulle amerikanske psykologer de siste femti år. Han har vært professor ved Indiana University, Stanford University, Rockefeller University og Harvard University. Åtti år gammel vendte Estes i 1999 tilbake til Indiana som "Distinguished Scholar of Psychology and of Cognitive Science". Estes' første viktige forskningsinnsats var innen dyrs adferd og læring. I samarbeid med B. F. Skinner utviklet han en metode for å måle emosjonelle reaksjoner. Denne metoden er fremdeles mye brukt. På 1960-tallet gikk Estes over til å studere visuell informasjonsprosessering, og gjorde flere viktige bidrag. I siste del av karrieren har han primært arbeidet med modellering av menneskelig hukommelse og klassifikasjonslæring. Estes har alltid vært sterkt interessert i utvikling av formaliserte modeller, og regnes blant grunnleggerne av moderne matematisk psykologi. Estes har en rekke æresdoktorgrader og andre utmerkelser, inkludert den amerikanske National Medal of Science, som han fikk i 1997.
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  • William Kaye Estes is an American psychologist. As an undergraduate, he was a student of Richard M. Elliott at the University of Minnesota. As a graduate student he stayed at the University of Minnesota, and worked under B. F. Skinner. When he later had his doctorate, he joined Skinner on the faculty at Indiana University. After Estes got out of the U. S. Army at the end of World War II, he established his reputation as one of the originators of mathematical learning theory.
  • William Kaye Estes on yhdysvaltalainen psykologi. Hän opiskeli B. F. Skinnerin johdolla ja teki tämän kanssa sittemmin yhteistyötäkin. Hän vaikutti useilla yliopistoilla, mm. Indianassa ja Harvardissa. Estesin teosten joukossa ovat Learning Theory and Mental Development, Statistical Models in Behavioral Research ja Classification and Cognition. Estes sai vuonna 1997 National Medal of Sciencen. Hän on toiminut Kansallisen tiedeakatemian jäsenenä vuodesta 1963.
  • William Kaye Estes er blant de mest betydningsfulle amerikanske psykologer de siste femti år. Han har vært professor ved Indiana University, Stanford University, Rockefeller University og Harvard University. Åtti år gammel vendte Estes i 1999 tilbake til Indiana som "Distinguished Scholar of Psychology and of Cognitive Science". Estes' første viktige forskningsinnsats var innen dyrs adferd og læring. I samarbeid med B. F. Skinner utviklet han en metode for å måle emosjonelle reaksjoner.
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