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- Wilhelm Fliess was a German otolaryngologist who practised in Berlin. On Josef Breuer's suggestion, Fliess attended several conferences of Sigmund Freud in 1887 in Vienna, and the two soon formed a strong friendship. Through their extensive correspondence and a series of personal meetings ("congresses" as Freud described them), Fliess came to play an important part in the development of psychoanalysis. Fliess developed several idiosyncratic theories, such as reflex nasal neuroses, postulating a connection between the nose and the genitals, and vital periodicity, forerunner of the popular concepts of biorhythms that never found scientific favor outside of psychoanalytic circles, though others, such as the idea of innate bisexuality, were incorporated into Freud's theories. Freud referred occasional patients to him for treatment of their neurosis through anaesthetization of the nasal mucosa with cocaine, and through nasal surgery. Together, Fliess and Freud developed a Project for a Scientific Psychology, which was later abandoned. Emma Eckstein (1865-1924) had a particularly disastrous experience when Freud referred the then 27-year old patient to Fliess for surgery to remove the turbinate bone from her nose, ostensibly to cure her of premenstrual depression. Eckstein haemorrhaged profusely in the weeks following the procedure, almost to the point of death as infection set in. Freud consulted with another surgeon, who removed a piece of surgical gauze that Fliess had left behind. Eckstein was left permanently disfigured, with the left side of her face caved in. Despite this, she remained on very good terms with Freud for many years, becoming a psychoanalyst herself. Fliess also remained close friends with Freud. He even predicted Freud's death to be near the age of 51, through one of his complicated bio-numerological theories ("critical period calculations"). Their friendship, however did not last to see that prediction out: in 1904 their friendship disintegrated due to Fliess's belief that Freud had given details of a periodicity theory Fliess was developing to a plagiarist. Freud died at 83 years of age. Freud ordered that his correspondence with Fliess be destroyed. It is only known today because Marie Bonaparte purchased Freud's letters to Fliess and refused to permit their destruction. Fliess's son Robert (1895-1970) was also a psychoanalyst and a prolific writer in that field. He devised the phrase ambulatory psychosis. Though Fliess' ideas are often ridiculed today, modern science has in fact revealed that the nose has more than one connection with sexual behaviour and the genitals. The nose is now known to contain erectile tissue, and this may also become engorged during sexual arousal as a side-effect of the signals fired off by the autonomic nervous system to trigger changes in the genitals of both men and women. A condition exists known as honeymoon rhinitis, in which men and women experience nasal stuffiness during sex, and a small number of people are known to sneeze, sometimes uncontrollably, when engaging in or even thinking about sexual activity. The existence of evolutionary relics within the autonomic nervous system has been hypothesised as a cause. Even more remarkably, a study on mice has suggested that the difference between male and female sexual behaviour may be explained by a tiny organ in the nose rather than gender-specific brain circuitry.
- Wilhelm Fließ war ein deutscher Biologe, promovierter Arzt und Sanitätsrat. Fließ war Hals- und Nasenspezialist. Seine Praxis war in der Wichmannstraße 4a in Berlin. Zudem war er Präsident der deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Er schrieb im Jahr 1906 eine erste Abhandlung über eine angebliche zeitliche Gesetzmäßigkeit in Erkrankung, Gesundung und Todesdatum, die er bei den Krankheitsverläufen seiner Patienten feststzustellen glaubte: den Biorhythmus. Er hat Emma Eckstein operiert. Wilhelm Fließ war ein enger Freund und Vertrauter Sigmund Freuds. Mit ihm führte Freud seine Selbstanalyse durch und konnte ein Modell aufstellen. Die Freundschaft zwischen Fließ und Freud entzweite sich jedoch zunehmend, im Jahr 1903 trafen sie sich zum letzten Mal. Die Korrespondenz zwischen Fließ und Freud aus den Jahren 1887 bis 1904 wurde im Jahr 1950 in retuschierter Form herausgegeben; verantwortlich für die Streichungen waren Anna Freud und Ernst Kris. 1985 gab Jeffrey Masson eine unzensierte Ausgabe des Briefwechsels heraus. Fließ hatte zwei Söhne. Sein Grab befindet sich auf dem Berliner Friedhof Dahlem.
- Wilhelm Fliess médico, psicólogo y biólogo alemán.
- Wilhelm Fliess (1858-1928) est un médecin allemand.
- Wilhelm Fliess (Wilhelm Fließ, ur. 24 października 1858 w Choszcznie, zm. 13 października 1928 w Berlinie) – lekarz, twórca ogłoszonej w 1897 roku teorii biorytmów. Teoria ta, mimo braku podstaw naukowych, jest relatywnie popularną techniką wróżbiarską, ze względu na podstawy matematyczne zaliczaną także do pseudonauki. Znany głównie ze względu na przyjaźń, jaka łączyła go z Sigmundem Freudem.
- Wilhelm Fliess foi um médico alemão, especializado em cirurgia e otorrinolaringologia, mas que foi um protagonista importante da pré-historia da psicanálise. Estudou Medicina em Berlim. Fliess encontrou-se com Sigmund Freud em 1887, por sugestão de Josef Breuer, outro psiquiatra amigo do pai da psicanálise. Após assistir a algumas conferências de Freud em Viena, formou fortes laços de amizade com ele, tornando-se seu confidente freqüente e apoiador moral para a maioria da atividades produtivas de Freud. Iniciou atividades em psicanálise, e trocavam correspondência intensamente. Fliess, não obstante, era mais do que um ouvinte crítico das idéias de Freud - ele mesmo fez algumas contribuições científicas ambiciosas para a psiquiatria da época, para as quais pediu a confirmação de Freud. Fliess foi o autor de três teorias que hoje se sabe serem pseudocientíficas, ou seja, sem fundamento científico: a primeira dela foi a da chamada neurose nasal reflexa, segundo a qual Fliess postulava haver uma conexão entre a mucosa nasal e os órgãos genitais. Segundo a teoria, uma maneira rápida e eficiente de curar uma neurose histérica, seria remover parte da mucosa e ossos internos do nariz. A segunda teoria era a da bissexualidade inerente a todos os seres humanos, e que Freud chegou a incorporar ao seu corpo teórico. Finalmente, a terceira foi a teoria da periodicidade vital, que postulava uma espécie de biorritmo, pelo qual todos os processos vitais (os patológicos incluídos) se desenvolveriam segundo um ciclo que duraria 28 dias nas mulheres, e 23 dias nos homens. Segundo Fliess, esses vários relacionamentos numéricos poderiam ser úteis para determinar a hora para a recuperação após alguma doença, por exemplo e, até mesmo a data provável para a morte de alguém. As influências diretas do Fliess para o nascimento da psicanálise são consideradas geralmente sem importância. Não obstante, Fliess foi o primeiro a chamar a atenção de Freud para o significado dos gracejos como material útil para a pesquisa psicanalítica. Além disso, como foi mencionado, a teoria da bissexualidade foi considerada nos escritos iniciais de Freud publicados no começo do século 20. Além disso, alguns cálculos feitos por Freud no capítulo sobre superstição de seu livro "A Psicopatologia da Vida", remetem indubitàvelmente aos cálculos biorritmicos iniciados por Fliess. Por suspeita de que Freud tivesse plagiado algumas de suas idéias, a amizade foi rompida por Fliess em 1902 e os amigos se afastaram. Freud destruiu toda sua correspondência com Fliess, ao partir para a Inglaterra junto com sua familia, em 1938. As cartas em poder de Fliess foram vendidas a um marchand, mas posteriormente foram resgatadas e publicadas por iniciativa de Marie Bonaparte. Essa correspondência cobre o período entre 1887 e 1902. Psicanálise Psicologia Médica
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- Wilhelm Fliess was a German otolaryngologist who practised in Berlin. On Josef Breuer's suggestion, Fliess attended several conferences of Sigmund Freud in 1887 in Vienna, and the two soon formed a strong friendship. Through their extensive correspondence and a series of personal meetings ("congresses" as Freud described them), Fliess came to play an important part in the development of psychoanalysis.
- Wilhelm Fließ war ein deutscher Biologe, promovierter Arzt und Sanitätsrat. Fließ war Hals- und Nasenspezialist. Seine Praxis war in der Wichmannstraße 4a in Berlin. Zudem war er Präsident der deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Er schrieb im Jahr 1906 eine erste Abhandlung über eine angebliche zeitliche Gesetzmäßigkeit in Erkrankung, Gesundung und Todesdatum, die er bei den Krankheitsverläufen seiner Patienten feststzustellen glaubte: den Biorhythmus. Er hat Emma Eckstein operiert.
- Wilhelm Fliess médico, psicólogo y biólogo alemán.
- Wilhelm Fliess (1858-1928) est un médecin allemand.
- Wilhelm Fliess (Wilhelm Fließ, ur. 24 października 1858 w Choszcznie, zm. 13 października 1928 w Berlinie) – lekarz, twórca ogłoszonej w 1897 roku teorii biorytmów. Teoria ta, mimo braku podstaw naukowych, jest relatywnie popularną techniką wróżbiarską, ze względu na podstawy matematyczne zaliczaną także do pseudonauki. Znany głównie ze względu na przyjaźń, jaka łączyła go z Sigmundem Freudem.
- Wilhelm Fliess foi um médico alemão, especializado em cirurgia e otorrinolaringologia, mas que foi um protagonista importante da pré-historia da psicanálise. Estudou Medicina em Berlim. Fliess encontrou-se com Sigmund Freud em 1887, por sugestão de Josef Breuer, outro psiquiatra amigo do pai da psicanálise.
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