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- Welfare capitalism refers either to the combination of a capitalist economic system with a welfare state or, in a strictly American context, to the practice of businesses providing welfare-like services to employees. Welfare capitalism in this second sense was centered in industries that employed skilled labour and peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many companies started offering higher pay and non-monetary compensation such as health care, housing, and pensions, as well as employment bureaus, in-house training, sports teams and social clubs. Pioneered by George F. Johnson and Henry B. Endicott with high wages and subsidized housing, the concept of welfare capitalism coincided with state laws of the Progressive Era that outlawed child labour, imposed minimum wages and maximum hours, and gave women special protections and restrictions. Two important goals, articulated by Henry Ford with his $5 dollar daily pay rate, were to reduce turnover and build a long-term loyal labour force that would have higher productivity. The combination of high pay, high efficiency and cheap consumer goods was known as Fordism, and was widely discussed throughout the world. Led by the railroads and the largest industrial corporations such as the Pullman Car Company, Standard Oil, International Harvester, Ford Motor Company and United States Steel, business provided numerous services to its employees, including paid vacations, medical benefits, pensions, recreation facilities and the like. (Brandes 1976) George Pullman built the most famous company town as a paternalistic experiment - one ruined by the 1894 Pullman strike. For other company housing projects see (Crawford 1996) By contrast Europe built government operated welfare systems i.e. welfare capitalism in the sense the term is generally understood. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Germany and Britain created "safety nets" for the citizens, including public welfare and unemployment insurance. Western Europe, Scandinavia, Canada and Australasia are regions noted for their welfare state provisions, though other countries have socialized medicine and other elements of the welfare state as well. The United States, despite its Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security provisions, is not generally considered to have enough of a social safety net to properly be called a welfare-state; businesses provide more of these services. Esping-Andersen categorised three different types of welfare states in the 1990 book 'The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism'. Though increasingly criticised, these classifications remain the most commonly used in distinguishing types of modern welfare states, and offer a solid starting point in such analysis. The three different types are the 'Social Democratic' Model, as exemplified by the Scandinavian countries and particularly Sweden; the 'Liberal' Model, often related to the USA, Canada, Australia and increasingly the United Kingdom; and thirdly, the 'Conservative' Model, which is indicative of Germany, as well as France, Austria and Italy. Recently in the US there has been a trend away from its form of welfare capitalism, as corporations have reduced the portion of compensation paid with health care, and shifted from defined benefit pensions to employee-funded defined contribution plans such as 401(k)s. It should be noted that the original definition of welfare capitalism, as used by the 19th century German economist, Gustav Schmoller, called for government to provide for the welfare of workers and the public, via social legislation, among other means. (And not to rely on business to do this. ) While Schmoller's work is little available in English, his influence can be seen in the modern European welfare states.
- Der Wohlfahrtskapitalismus ist ein Wirtschaftskonzept aus den USA, das insbesondere Ende des 19. Jh. / Anfang des 20. Jh. viel diskutiert wurde. Im Kerngehalt sollen wirtschaftsstarke Unternehmen selbständig zur Verringerung sozialer Ungleichheiten beitragen. Dabei erstreckt sich das Engagement des Unternehmens zum einen auf Wohltätigkeit für seine Angestellten, zum anderen aber auch auf Maßnahmen, das Humankapital der Angestellten umfassend für den Produktionsprozess verfügbar zu machen.
- Capitalismo do bem-estar social refere-se à prática de negócios fornecendo serviços característicos do Estado do bem-estar social aos empregados. Foi centrado em indústrias de alto pagamento salarial (e não nas indústrias caracterizadas por baixos salários, alta rotatividade de empregados, trabalho infantil, ou condições de trabalho perigosas). Muitas empresas começaram oferecendo maior remuneração e compensações não-monetárias, como assistência médica, habitação, e pensões, bem como agências de emprego, treinamento interno, times esportivos e clubes sociais. Nos Estados Unidos, foram pioneiros George Pullman e Henry Ford, com elevados salários e habitação subsidiada. Isso coincidiu com leis estaduais da Era Progressiva, que proibia o trabalho infantil, impunha salários mínimos e tempo máximo; mulheres receberam proteções especiais e restrições.
- Välfärdskapitalism är ett begrepp som används om kombinationen av ett kapitalistiskt ekonomiskt system med välfärd. Termen används i synnerhet om det i främst USA relativt vanliga systemet med att privata företag erbjuder sina anställda välfärdsliknande tjänster, som i många andra industriländer tillhandahålls av staten via skattefinansierade system.
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