Vomitoxin, also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiterpeneoid. This mycotoxin occurs predominantly in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, and maize, and less often in rice, sorghum, and triticale. The occurrence of deoxynivalenol is associated primarily with Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and F. culmorum, both of which are important plant pathogens which cause Fusarium head blight in wheat and Gibberella ear rot in maize.
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- Deoxynivalenol (DON), auch bekannt als Vomitoxin, ist ein Mykotoxin (Schimmelpilzgift) mit Trichothecen-Grundgerüst und ein Sesquiterpen.
- Deoksinivalenoli eli vomitoksiini on homemyrkky. Kemialliselta rakenteeltaan deoksinivalenoli kuuluu trikotekeeneihin, jotka ovat nelirenkaisia seskviterpeenejä. Deoksinivalenoli kuuluu B-tyypin trikotekeeneihin, joiden tunnusmerkkinä on C-8 -sitoutunut karbonyyliryhmä. Aine kiteytyy neulamaisiksi, värittömiksi kiteiksi ja liukenee veteen sekä joihinkin polaarisiin liuottimiin, kuten metanoliin, asetonitriiliin ja etyyliasetaattiin. Deoksinivalenolia tuottavat muun muassa Fusarium-homeet. Deoksinivalenolin kemiallinen kaava on C15H20O6, moolimassa 296,32 g/mol, kiehumispiste 151 °C ja CAS-numero 51481-10-8.
- Il deossinivalenolo (o DON o vomitossina) è una micotossina appartenente al gruppo dei tricoteceni prodotta da alcune specie di Fusarium. Esso è una delle micotossine più diffuse negli alimenti e nei mangimi insieme a zearalenone e tossina T-2, soprattutto nei cereali quali grano, orzo e mais. I principali effetti tossici sono nausea, vomito, diarrea, gastroenteriti, malfunzionamento del sistema ematopoietico e immunosoppressore.
- Vomitoxin, also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiterpeneoid. This mycotoxin occurs predominantly in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, and maize, and less often in rice, sorghum, and triticale. The occurrence of deoxynivalenol is associated primarily with Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and F. culmorum, both of which are important plant pathogens which cause Fusarium head blight in wheat and Gibberella ear rot in maize. A direct relationship between the incidence of Fusarium head blight and contamination of wheat with deoxynivalenol has been established. The incidence of Fusarium head blight is strongly associated with moisture at the time of flowering (anthesis), and the timing of rainfall, rather than the amount, is the most critical factor. Furthermore, deoxynivalenol contents are significantly affected by the susceptibility of cultivars towards Fusarium species, previous crop, tillage practices, and fungicide use F. graminearum grows optimally at a temperature of 25 °C and at a water activity above 0.88. F. culmorum grows optimally at 21 °C and at a water activity above 0.87. The geographical distribution of the two species appears to be related to temperature, F. graminearum being the commoner species and occurring in warmer climates. Deoxynivalenol has been implicated in incidents of mycotoxicoses in both humans and farm animals. When compared to other trichothecene mycotoxins which can form in grains and forages, vomitoxin is relatively mild. Reduced feed intake, and the accompanying decrease in performance, are the only symptoms of vomitoxin toxicity livestock producers will likely encounter. This response to vomitoxin appears to occur through the central nervous system. Vomitoxin belongs to a class of mycotoxins (tricothecenes) which are strong protein inhibitors. Inhibition of protein synthesis following exposure to vomitoxin causes the brain to increase its uptake of the amino acid tryptophan and, in turn, its synthesis of serotonin. Increased levels of serotonin are believed to be responsible for the anorexic effects of DON and other tricothecenes. Irritation of the gastrointestinal tract may also play a role in reducing feed intake... This fact may also partially explain the high incidence of paraesophageal stomach ulcers observed in sows off feed during feed refusal. Human foods: Vomitoxin is not a known carcinogen as with aflatoxin. Large amounts of grain with vomitoxin would have to be consumed to pose a health risk to humans. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has established a level of 1 ppm (parts per million) restriction of vomitoxin. Companion animals: Dogs and cats are restricted to 5 ppm and of grains and grain byproducts and that the grains not exceed 40% percent of the diet. Livestock and farm animals: In animals and livestock, vomitoxin causes a refusal to feed and lack of weight gain when fed above advised levels. Restrictions are set at 10 ppm for poultry and ruminating beef and feedlot cattle older than 4 months. Ingredients may not exceed 50% of the animal's diet. Dairy cow limits are set at 2 ppm.
- Deoxynivalenol is een mycotoxine dat behoort tot de groep van B-trichothecenen en gevormd wordt in schimmels, voornamelijk van het genus Fusarium. Deze stof wordt ook vomitoxine genoemd, omdat het braken veroorzaakt. Ondanks de toxische werking, zijn niet overal ter wereld maximumwaarden van het gehalte DON in de voeding ingevoerd.
- Le Déoxinivalénol est une mycotoxine de la famille des trichothécènes. Les DON sont produits par des différents fusariums (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. roseum) qui contaminent les grains de blé, d'orge, d'avoine ou de maïs. Le comité scientifique pour les aliments humains a établi une dose journalière tolérable de Modèle:Unité/2.
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- (3α,7α)-3,7,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one
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- -3,7,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one
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- Deoxynivalenol (DON), auch bekannt als Vomitoxin, ist ein Mykotoxin (Schimmelpilzgift) mit Trichothecen-Grundgerüst und ein Sesquiterpen.
- Il deossinivalenolo (o DON o vomitossina) è una micotossina appartenente al gruppo dei tricoteceni prodotta da alcune specie di Fusarium. Esso è una delle micotossine più diffuse negli alimenti e nei mangimi insieme a zearalenone e tossina T-2, soprattutto nei cereali quali grano, orzo e mais. I principali effetti tossici sono nausea, vomito, diarrea, gastroenteriti, malfunzionamento del sistema ematopoietico e immunosoppressore.
- Deoxynivalenol is een mycotoxine dat behoort tot de groep van B-trichothecenen en gevormd wordt in schimmels, voornamelijk van het genus Fusarium. Deze stof wordt ook vomitoxine genoemd, omdat het braken veroorzaakt. Ondanks de toxische werking, zijn niet overal ter wereld maximumwaarden van het gehalte DON in de voeding ingevoerd.
- Deoksinivalenoli eli vomitoksiini on homemyrkky. Kemialliselta rakenteeltaan deoksinivalenoli kuuluu trikotekeeneihin, jotka ovat nelirenkaisia seskviterpeenejä. Deoksinivalenoli kuuluu B-tyypin trikotekeeneihin, joiden tunnusmerkkinä on C-8 -sitoutunut karbonyyliryhmä. Aine kiteytyy neulamaisiksi, värittömiksi kiteiksi ja liukenee veteen sekä joihinkin polaarisiin liuottimiin, kuten metanoliin, asetonitriiliin ja etyyliasetaattiin. Deoksinivalenolia tuottavat muun muassa Fusarium-homeet.
- Vomitoxin, also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiterpeneoid. This mycotoxin occurs predominantly in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, and maize, and less often in rice, sorghum, and triticale. The occurrence of deoxynivalenol is associated primarily with Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and F. culmorum, both of which are important plant pathogens which cause Fusarium head blight in wheat and Gibberella ear rot in maize.
- Le Déoxinivalénol est une mycotoxine de la famille des trichothécènes. Les DON sont produits par des différents fusariums (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. roseum) qui contaminent les grains de blé, d'orge, d'avoine ou de maïs. Le comité scientifique pour les aliments humains a établi une dose journalière tolérable de Modèle:Unité/2.
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- Deoxynivalenol
- Deoksinivalenoli
- Déoxynivalénol
- Deossinivalenolo
- Deoxynivalenol
- Vomitoxin
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