Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated "Spear of the Nation," was the active military wing of the African National Congress (ANC) in cooperation with the South African Communist Party in their fight against the South African apartheid government. MK launched its first guerrilla attacks against government installations on 16 December 1961. It was subsequently classified as a terrorist organization by the South African government and media, and banned.

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  • Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated "Spear of the Nation," was the active military wing of the African National Congress (ANC) in cooperation with the South African Communist Party in their fight against the South African apartheid government. MK launched its first guerrilla attacks against government installations on 16 December 1961. It was subsequently classified as a terrorist organization by the South African government and media, and banned. For a time it was headquartered in Rivonia, a suburb of Johannesburg. On 11 July 1963, 19 ANC and MK leaders, including Arthur Goldreich and Walter Sisulu, were arrested at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia. The farm was privately owned by Arthur Goldreich and bought with SACP funds. This was followed by the Rivonia Trial, in which ten leaders of the ANC were tried for 221 acts of sabotage designed to "foment violent revolution". Wilton Mkwayi, chief of MK at the time, escaped during trial. The MK carried out numerous bombings of military, industrial, civilian and infrastructural sites. The tactics were initially geared solely towards sabotage, but eventually expanded to include urban guerrilla warfare. Notable among these were the 8 January 1982 attack on the Koeberg nuclear power plant near Cape Town, coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the formation of the ANC, the Church Street bombing on 20 May 1983, killing 19, and the 14 June 1986 car-bombing of Magoo's Bar in Durban, in which 3 people were killed and 73 injured. The total number of people killed or injured in the 30 years of MK's campaigns is not known exactly. MK alone was not a military threat to the apartheid state, but the ANC leadership saw MK as the armed component of a strategy of "people's war" that was primarily geared towards mobilizing mass political support. MK suspended operations on 1 August 1990 in preparation for the dismantling of apartheid, and was finally integrated into the South African National Defence Force by 1994.
  • Umkhonto We Sizwe war der militärische Arm der Organisation African National Congress (ANC), der sich gegen die Apartheid in Südafrika einsetzte. Das Symbol des Speers wurde gewählt, weil schwarze Afrikaner mit dieser einfachen Waffe jahrhundertelang Kriege geführt haben. Der MK wurde am 16. Dezember 1961 vom ANC und der South African Communist Party (SACP) gegründet und führte vor allem Sabotageaktionen gegen das Apartheidsregime durch.
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe, MK oli ANC:n ja Etelä-Afrikan kommunistisen puolueen yhteinen aseellinen siipi, joka perustettiin 16. joulukuuta 1961. Järjestön tarkoituksena oli käydä sissisotaa Etelä-Afrikan apartheid-hallintoa vastaan. Umkhonto we Sizwe lopetti aseellisen vastarinnan 1. elokuuta 1990 ja liitettiin sittemmin osaksi Etelä-Afrikan puolustusvoimia. Totuuskomission loppuraportin mukaan Etelä-Afrikan konfliktin osapuolista ainoastaan ANC oli sitoutunut noudatamaan Geneven sopimusta ja pääsääntöisesti toteutti aseellista vastarintaa kansainvälisen ihmisoikeuslainsäädännön mukaisesti. Komissio myös huomioi ANC:n pidättyvyyden sotilaallisten iskuken kohteiden valinnassa. Komissio totesi kuitenkin, että ANC oli taistelun aikana myös rikkonut Geneven sopimusta ja syyllistynyt vakaviin ihmisoikeusloukkauksiin.
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe (ou MK), traduit en français par « fer de lance de la nation » était la branche militaire du Congrès national africain d'Afrique du Sud qui agissait en collaboration avec le parti communiste d'Afrique du Sud contre le régime d'apartheid alors au pouvoir dans ce pays d'Afrique australe. Umkhonto we Sizwe ne compta à son apogée pas plus de 11 000 adhérents éparpillés principalement dans des camps d'entraînement en Angola, en Zambie, voire en URSS et dans les pays du pacte de Varsovie. Sa force de frappe en Afrique du Sud était essentiellement composée de bombes et de kalachnikov. Si elle ne parvint jamais à créer une logistique suffisante pour tenir une guérilla urbaine à large échelle, elle devint néanmoins une référence symbolique pour ceux qui luttaient contre l'apartheid .
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Lancia della nazione", abbreviato in MK) è il nome dell'ala militare dell'African National Congress. Fondato il 16 dicembre 1961 dall'ANC e dal Partito Comunista Sudafricano (SACP), il suo obiettivo era quello di condurre azioni di guerriglia contro il regime segregazionista bianco allora invigore in Sud Africa. Fu classificato come movimento terrorista sia dal governo che dai media sudafricani e di conseguenza bandito. L'11 luglio 1963 11 capi dell'ANC e del MK furono arrestati in un sobborgo di Johannesburg e processati per atti di sabotaggio. Il capo del MK, Walter Mkwayi, riuscì a fuggire durante il processo. Le attività del MK all'inizio si limitavano ad azioni di sabotaggio con attentati a siti militari, industriali, civili e infrastrutture, ma poi includero azioni di guerriglia urbana. L'attacco più importante fu quello contro la centrale nucleare nelle vicinanze di Città del Capo. L'MK sospese le azioni il 1º agosto 1990 in vista dello smantellamento dell'apartheid, e le sue forze furono integrate nel 1994 nel nuovo esercito sudafricano.
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe betekent 'Speer van de Natie' en was de bewapende militaire vleugel van het Afrikaans Nationaal Congres (ANC) en de Zuid-Afrikaanse communistische partij (South African Communist Party of SACP). Het ANC en de SACP vochten binnen de MK tegen het apartheidsregime in Zuid-Afrika. MK werd opgericht in 1960, Nelson Mandela was één van de oprichters. MK startte de guerrilla-activiteiten in 1961 met een aanval op overheidsinstallaties. MK werd daarna door de regering gekwalificeerd als terroristische organisatie en verboden. De MK voerde talloze terroristisch acties uit gericht op militaire-, industriële-, infrastructurele- en burgerdoelen. In eerste instantie beperkte MK zich tot sabotage maar al snel ontwikkelde de MK zich tot een stadsguerrilla waarbij bomaanslagen en gewapende aanvallen niet geschuwd werden. De MK heeft 30 jaar bestaan, tot de afschaffing van het apartheidsregime. Hoeveel mensen bij acties van de MK om het leven zijn gekomen of gewond zijn geraakt, is niet bekend. Op 1 augustus 1990 staakte de MK zijn activiteiten, de MK is in 1994 opgenomen in het Zuid-Afrikaanse leger.
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe (pl. Włócznia Narodu, ang. Spear of the Nation skrót. MK) - południowoafrykańska organizacja paramilitarna, zbrojne skrzydło Afrykańskiego Kongresu Narodowego do wykonywania aktów sabotażu na organach rządowych i obrony ludności represjonowanej w czasie apartheidu. Działała w latach 1961- 1994.
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe (ou MK), a Lança da Nação em isiZulu, foi o braço militar do Congresso Nacional Africano (ANC/CNA), Fundado a 16 de Dezembro de 1961 pelo ANC e pelo Partido Comunista da África do Sul (SACP) como resposta à opressão política, social e económica movida contra a população negra, mestiça e indiana da África do Sul pelo regime político do Apartheid. Teve inicialmente o seu quartel-general em Rivonia, um subúrbio de Joanesburgo. A 11 de Julho de 1963, 19 líderes do ANC e do MK, incluindo o futuro Presidente da África do Sul Nelson Mandela, foram detidos em Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia. Esta quinta era propriedade de Arthur Goldreich e havia sido comprada com fundos do SACP. Segui-se o Julgamento de Rivonia, no qual dez líderes do Congresso Nacional Africano foram julgados por 221 actos de sabotagem com o intuito de "fomentar uma revolução violenta". Walter Mkwayi, na altura líder do MK, escapou durante o julgamento. O MK levou a cabo numerosos ataques à bomba a alvos militares, industriais e civis. A táctica inicial era a sabotagem, evitando baixas humanas, mas a escalada de violência na África do Sul durante as décadas de 1970 e 1980 viu o MK usar tácticas de guerrilha e terrorismo. Alguns ataques famosos foram o perpetrado contra a central nuclear em construção em Koeberg a 8 de Janeiro de 1982 (coincidindo com o 70. º aniversário da formação do ANC), e o carro-bomba do Magoo's Bar em Durban a 14 de Junho de 1986, no qual três pessoas morreram e 73 ficaram feridas. Não se conhece o total de mortos e feridos no decurso dos trinta anos de actividade do MK. O MK suspendeu as suas operações a 11 de Agosto de 1990.
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  • The battle flag of the Umkhonto we Sizwe.
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  • 1961-1990
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  • Liliesleaf Farm
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  • Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated "Spear of the Nation," was the active military wing of the African National Congress (ANC) in cooperation with the South African Communist Party in their fight against the South African apartheid government. MK launched its first guerrilla attacks against government installations on 16 December 1961. It was subsequently classified as a terrorist organization by the South African government and media, and banned.
  • Umkhonto We Sizwe war der militärische Arm der Organisation African National Congress (ANC), der sich gegen die Apartheid in Südafrika einsetzte. Das Symbol des Speers wurde gewählt, weil schwarze Afrikaner mit dieser einfachen Waffe jahrhundertelang Kriege geführt haben. Der MK wurde am 16. Dezember 1961 vom ANC und der South African Communist Party (SACP) gegründet und führte vor allem Sabotageaktionen gegen das Apartheidsregime durch.
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe, MK oli ANC:n ja Etelä-Afrikan kommunistisen puolueen yhteinen aseellinen siipi, joka perustettiin 16. joulukuuta 1961. Järjestön tarkoituksena oli käydä sissisotaa Etelä-Afrikan apartheid-hallintoa vastaan. Umkhonto we Sizwe lopetti aseellisen vastarinnan 1. elokuuta 1990 ja liitettiin sittemmin osaksi Etelä-Afrikan puolustusvoimia.
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe (ou MK), traduit en français par « fer de lance de la nation » était la branche militaire du Congrès national africain d'Afrique du Sud qui agissait en collaboration avec le parti communiste d'Afrique du Sud contre le régime d'apartheid alors au pouvoir dans ce pays d'Afrique australe.
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Lancia della nazione", abbreviato in MK) è il nome dell'ala militare dell'African National Congress. Fondato il 16 dicembre 1961 dall'ANC e dal Partito Comunista Sudafricano (SACP), il suo obiettivo era quello di condurre azioni di guerriglia contro il regime segregazionista bianco allora invigore in Sud Africa. Fu classificato come movimento terrorista sia dal governo che dai media sudafricani e di conseguenza bandito.
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe betekent 'Speer van de Natie' en was de bewapende militaire vleugel van het Afrikaans Nationaal Congres (ANC) en de Zuid-Afrikaanse communistische partij (South African Communist Party of SACP). Het ANC en de SACP vochten binnen de MK tegen het apartheidsregime in Zuid-Afrika. MK werd opgericht in 1960, Nelson Mandela was één van de oprichters. MK startte de guerrilla-activiteiten in 1961 met een aanval op overheidsinstallaties.
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe (pl. Włócznia Narodu, ang. Spear of the Nation skrót. MK) - południowoafrykańska organizacja paramilitarna, zbrojne skrzydło Afrykańskiego Kongresu Narodowego do wykonywania aktów sabotażu na organach rządowych i obrony ludności represjonowanej w czasie apartheidu. Działała w latach 1961- 1994.
  • Umkhonto we Sizwe (ou MK), a Lança da Nação em isiZulu, foi o braço militar do Congresso Nacional Africano (ANC/CNA), Fundado a 16 de Dezembro de 1961 pelo ANC e pelo Partido Comunista da África do Sul (SACP) como resposta à opressão política, social e económica movida contra a população negra, mestiça e indiana da África do Sul pelo regime político do Apartheid. Teve inicialmente o seu quartel-general em Rivonia, um subúrbio de Joanesburgo.
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