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- Tying is the practice of making the sale of one good (the tying good) to the de facto or de jure customer conditional on the purchase of a second distinctive good (the tied good). It is often illegal when the products are not naturally related, for example requiring a bookstore to stock up on an unpopular title before allowing them to purchase a bestseller. Tying is related to Freebie marketing, which was pioneered by King C. Gillette and is a common (and legal) method of giving away (or selling at a substantial discount) one item to ensure a continual flow of sales of another related item (for example, the disposable safety razor). Some kinds of tying, especially by contract, have historically been regarded as anti-competitive practices. The basic idea is that consumers are harmed by being forced to buy an undesired good (the tied good) in order to purchase a good they actually want (the tying good), and so would prefer that the goods be sold separately. The company doing this bundling may have a significantly large market share so that it may impose the tie on consumers, despite the forces of market competition. The tie may also harm other companies in the market for the tied good, or who sell only single components. One effect of tying can be that low quality products achieve a higher market share than would otherwise be the case. For example in the UK an example of tying is a discount for customers who lease a telephone line, get cable TV and get broadband access from the same company. This discourages customers from getting broadband from another company even though the reliability of the service may be superior, as the loss of the discount can mean a substantial increase in total cost. Tying may also be a form of price discrimination: people who use more blades, for example, pay more than those who just need a one-time shave. Though this may improve overall welfare, by giving more consumers access to the market, such price discrimination can also transfer consumer surpluses to the producer. Tying may also be used with or in place of patents or copyrights to help protect entry into a market, discouraging innovation. Tying is often used when the supplier makes one product that is critical to many customers. By threatening to withhold that key product unless others are also purchased, the supplier can increase sales of less necessary products. In the United States, most states have laws against tying, which are enforced by state governments. In addition, the United States Department of Justice enforces federal laws against tying through its Antitrust Division.
- La vente liée, également appelée vente subordonnée, consiste à regrouper dans un lot ne comportant qu'un prix, plusieurs produits sans qu'il soit possible de se les procurer séparément. La législation interdit la vente liée dans la plupart des pays avec cependant différentes interprétations du mot « produit » et un certain laxisme quant à l'application de la loi. De plus en plus couramment à l'origine de pratiques anticoncurrentielles et monopolistiques, la vente liée la plus fréquente consiste à lier la vente d'un bien à celle d'un service sous prétexte que ce dernier est nécessaire à l'utilisation du bien. Le consommateur se retrouve forcé d'accepter le contrat régissant le service pour posséder le bien, ou de payer un bien pour profiter du service. Grâce aux monopoles accordés par l'État sur les œuvres de l'esprit, des sociétés sont alors à même de consolider des positions de monopole.
- Er is sprake van koppelverkoop, wanneer de leverancier de verkoop van een bepaald product afhankelijk stelt van de koop van een ander product. Het eerste product wordt het „koppelende” product genoemd, en het tweede het „gekoppelde” product. Vaak verkoopt de leverancier het koppelende product voor een laag bedrag en maakt de winst op het gekoppelde product. Sprekende voorbeelden zijn de verkoop van cartridges (gekoppelde product) bij printers (koppelende product) en scheermesjes (gekoppelde product) bij krabbertjes (koppelende product). Het kan echter ook zijn, dat een product het niet zonder zijn koppelverkoop kan stellen: je zou vreemd opkijken wanneer een schoen zonder schoenveters verkocht zou worden.
- Venda casada é a prática de vender um bem com a condição de que o consumidor adquira um outro bem. Ela é muitas vezes ilegal quando os produtos não são naturalmente relacionados. Alguns tipos de venda casada são vistas como sendo práticas anticompetitivas. A idéia básica é que os consumidores são prejudicados ao serem forçados a adquirir um bem indesejado para poder adquirir o bem de que eles realmente necessitam e, assim, prefeririam que os bens fossem vendidos separadamente. A empresa que pratica essa conduta deve possuir significante poder de mercado de modo a conseguir impor a venda casada aos consumidores, a despeito das forças competitivas do mercado. A venda casada também pode prejudicar outras empresas no mercado que produzam o bem. Cartel Preço predatório Truste Antitruste Direito Econômico
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- Tying is the practice of making the sale of one good (the tying good) to the de facto or de jure customer conditional on the purchase of a second distinctive good (the tied good). It is often illegal when the products are not naturally related, for example requiring a bookstore to stock up on an unpopular title before allowing them to purchase a bestseller. Tying is related to Freebie marketing, which was pioneered by King C.
- La vente liée, également appelée vente subordonnée, consiste à regrouper dans un lot ne comportant qu'un prix, plusieurs produits sans qu'il soit possible de se les procurer séparément. La législation interdit la vente liée dans la plupart des pays avec cependant différentes interprétations du mot « produit » et un certain laxisme quant à l'application de la loi.
- Er is sprake van koppelverkoop, wanneer de leverancier de verkoop van een bepaald product afhankelijk stelt van de koop van een ander product. Het eerste product wordt het „koppelende” product genoemd, en het tweede het „gekoppelde” product. Vaak verkoopt de leverancier het koppelende product voor een laag bedrag en maakt de winst op het gekoppelde product.
- Venda casada é a prática de vender um bem com a condição de que o consumidor adquira um outro bem. Ela é muitas vezes ilegal quando os produtos não são naturalmente relacionados. Alguns tipos de venda casada são vistas como sendo práticas anticompetitivas. A idéia básica é que os consumidores são prejudicados ao serem forçados a adquirir um bem indesejado para poder adquirir o bem de que eles realmente necessitam e, assim, prefeririam que os bens fossem vendidos separadamente.
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