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- The 'Treaty of Moscow' or 'Treaty of Brotherhood' was a friendship treaty between Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Bolshevist Russia under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, signed on 16 March 1921 and based on the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which was signed with the Ottoman Empire in March 1918. Neither the Republic of Turkey, nor the Soviet Union was established at the time. On October 23, 1921, the treaty was augmented by the Treaty of Kars. 'Full text of the treaty translated from the Russian:' The Moscow Treaty, concluded between Russia and Turkey on March 16, 1921 The Government of the Socialist Federative Republic of Russia and the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, sharing the principles of brotherhood of nations and of the right of peoples to self-determination, and acknowledging their solidarity in the struggle against implerialism together with the fact that hardships caused to one of our two nations will invariably worsen conditions for the other, and entirely inspired by the desire to establish between them enduring cordial relations and continued friendship based on the mutual interests of both parties, have decided to enter into a pact of friendship and brotherhood, and for that purpose have authorized the following plenipotentiaries: The Government of Russia: Georgii Vasil’evich Chicherin, the People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs and member of the Russian Central Executive Committee Djelal Edin Korkmasov, member of the Central Committee The Government of Turkey: Yusuf Kemal’-Bey, member of the Parliament representing Kastamoni and The People’s Commissar of Agriculture Dr. Riza Nur-Bey, member of the Parliament representing Sinop, and The People’s Commissar of Education Ali Faud-Pasha, member of the Parliament representing Angora, and Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Parliament The above-named representatives, upon exchanging their powers of authority, and having found these appropriate and lawful in form, hereby agree to the following: Article I Both Contracting Parties agree not to recognize in principle any peace treaties or other international acts into which either of the Contracting Parties was made to enter by force. The Government of The RSFSR hereby agrees not to recognize any international acts concerning Turkey, which have not been accepted by the Government of Turkey, currently represented by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The present Treaty understands Turkey as the sum of the territories included in the National Turkish Pact of January 28, 1336 (1920), formulated and proclaimed by the Ottoman House of Delegates in Constantinople and communicated to the press and to all foreign nations. The northeast border of Turkey will hereafter be defined by a line, which begins in the village of Sarp located on the Black Sea, passes through the Khedis-Mta mountain, the watershed line between the Shavshet and Kana Dag mountains; this line then follows along the northern administrative border of the Ardahan and Kars Sanjaks (Administrative Regions) along the thalwegs of the Arpa-Chai and Araks rivers to the estuary of the Lower Kara-Su. (The detailed delineation of the border and all related issues are specified in Annex I and, and in the appended map, which has been undersigned by both Contracting Parties. ) Article II Turkey hereby agrees to yield sovereignty of the port and city of Batum and the territory belonging to the Batum district, which is located north of the border described in Article I of the present Treaty, under the following conditions: 1) The population residing in the territories named under the present Article will be able to practice wide regional administrative autonomy, and each community will be allowed to establish land laws that conform to its conditions. 2) Turkey will be entitled to free transit of all goods, whether en route to or through Turkey, through the Batum port. These goods will pass under condition of exemption from customs duties, without delays, and without the imposition of any other taxes. Turkey is hereby given the right to use the port of Batum without any special payments for this use. Article III Both Contracting Parties agree that the Nakhichevan Region, located within the boundaries specified in Annex C of the present Treaty, will hereafter form an autonomous territory under the auspices of Azerbaijan, under the condition that Azerbaijan will not relinquish this protectorate to any third party. The borders of the triangle-shaped Nakhichevan Region are formed by the Araks river bed on one side, and on the West, by the line that passes through the mountains Dagna (3829), Veli-Dag (4121), Bagarzik (6587), and Kemurlu-Dag (6930). The third border line of this territory, which begins at the Kemurlu-Dag mountain, passes through the Soray-Bulak mountain and the Ararat Station, and finishes at the junction of Kara-Su with Araks, will be properly corrected by a special commission made uo of delegates from Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. Article IV In acknowledgement of the common interests of the national freedom movements of the Eastern peoples and the Russian peoples’ struggle to bring about a new social order, both Contracting Parties do hereby solemnly recognize these peoples’ right to freedom and independence and, consequently, their right to choose the form of governanance that is in keeping with their desire. Article V In order to ensure the opening of the straits and passage for commercial ships of all nations, both Contracting Parties agree to hand over the final elaboration of the international status of the Black Sea and its straits to the future committee consisting of delegates from all Black Sea coastal nations, under the condition that the decisions made by said committee will impinge on neither Turkey’s full sovereignty, nor on Turkey’s security and the security of its capital city of Constantinople. Article VI Both Contracting Parties recognize the fact that all the treaties concluded between them up to this point are in keeping with their mutual interests. [Trans. note: I am translating the sentence as is, but I suspect that there should be a “not” in it before “in keeping” on the basis of the next sentence. ] For this reason, they hereby agree to annul these previous treaties and render them void. The Government of the RSFSR hereby declares, in particular, that it considers Turkey free from any monetary or other obligations originating from any international pacts concluded between Turkey and the trarist government. Article VII The Government of the RSFSR considers any capitulatory regime to be incompatible with the unhindered national development of any country, as well as with the full realization of its sovereign rights. Thus, the Government of the RSFSR considers null and void any acts or entitlements, bearing any relation to said regime. Article VIII Both Contracting Parties hereby promise never to allow the formation or presence of organizations or groups that lay claim to the government of the other Contracting Party or of a portion of its territories, as well as of any groups that exist with the purpose of struggle against the other nation, within their territories. Russia and Turkey assume the same responsibilities with regard to the Soviet Republics of the Caucases under the condition of reciprocity. It is considered determined that the Turkish territory mentioned in the present Article is understood to be the territory under the direct military and civil administration of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Article IX In order to ensure uninterrupted commerce between both nations, the Contracting Parties hereby promise to take all appropriate and mutually cooperative measures aimed at preserving and developing the railroads, telegraph, and other means of communication as quickly as possible, as well as providing for the unhindered movement of goods and persons between both sides without any delays. However, it is hereby understood that all of the regulations in place in each country in regard to the entry and exit of goods and persons will continue to be fully applicable. Article X The citizens of either Contracting Party residing or traveling within the territory of the other nation will be subject to all the regularions and obligations imposed by the laws of the country in which they are located, with the exception of military defense obligations, to which they will not be subject. Issues having to do with family law, inheritance law and legal competency for citizens of both countries are also exempt from the present Article. These issues will be settled by separate Agreements. Article XI Both Contracting Parties hereby agree to apply the most favoured nation clause to citizens of the other Contracting Party when they are located within their territories. This Article does not apply to the rights of citizens of other Soviet Republics, as well as to the rights of citizens of the Muslim nations allied with Turkey. Article XII All residents of the territories that have been considered part of Russia until 1918, and which the Government of the RSFSR hereby acknowledges to be subject to Turkey on the basis of the terms of this Treaty, have the right to leave Turkey unhindered and to take their belongings and personal property, or their equivalent monetary value. The same rights apply to residents of Batum, sovereignty over which hereafter passes from Turkey to Georgia, per the terms of the present Treaty. Article XIII Russia hereby promises to return to Turkey all Turkish prisoners of war and civil captives remaining within its territory at Russia’s own expense. These prisoners are to be returned to the northeast border of Turkey within three months from the first day of the signing of this Treaty, if they are originating from the European part of Russia or from the Caucases, and within six months of the signing of this Treaty, if they are originating from the Asian part of Russia. The details of this repatriation will be established by a separate Convention, which will be drawn up immediately after the signing of the present Treaty. Article XIV Both Contracting Parties agree to conclude a Consular Convention at the earliest possible time, together with the necessary Agreements to regulate all economic, financial, and other issues that are essential for the establishment of the friendly relations between the two nations that have been alluded to in the preamble to the present Treaty. Article XV Russia hereby promises to untertake the appropriate measures with regard to the Republics located in The Transcaucasus area in order to ensure the necessary acceptance by said Republics of the Articles of the present Treaty, which concern them directly, by separate treaties to be concluded between these Republics and Turkey. Article XVI This Treaty is subject to ratification. The exchange of the ratification documents is to take place in Karsa as soon as possible. The present Treaty, with the exception of Article XIII, which is effective immediately, will go into effect from the moment of the exchange of the ratification documents. In witness whereof the above-named plenipotentiaries have signed this Treaty and validated it with their seals. Drawn up in two exemplars in Moscow on March 16 1921 (1337). Georgii Chicherin, Yusuf Kemal’, Djelal Korkmasov, Dr. Riza Nur, Ali Fuad Annexes I (A) and I (B) of the Moscow Treaty of March 16 1921 Annex I (A) The northeast border of Turkey is fixed as follows : The village of Sarp on the Black Sea, Mt. Kara-Shalvar (5014), crosses Chorokh to the north from the village of Maradidi, passes to the north of the village of Sabur, Mt. Khedis Mta (7052), Mt. Kva-Kibe, village of Kavtareti, the watershed line of Medzibna Mountain and Mt. Great-Kessun (6468), then follows the watershed line of Mt. Korda (7910), goes along the western part of the Shavshet ridge to the administrative border of the former Artvin district and to the Mt. Sari Chai (Kara-Issal) (8478), summit of the mountain Kviral, then follows the administrative border of the former Ardahan district by Mt. Kani-Dag, thence, turning to the north, goes to Mt. Tlil (Grmani) (8357), and following the former border of Ardahan, goes to the northeast of the village of Badela, to the river Poskhov-Chai, and follows to the south along this river to a point to the north of the village of Chap Chakh, then it leaves the river, follows the watershed line to Mt. Airlian-Bashi, goes over the Mts. Kella-Tana (9709), reaches Mt. Kasris-Seri (9681), and follows along the river Karzamet Chai until it reaches the river Kura, thence it goes along the line of the watershed of Mt. Kara-Ogli (7259), whence, dividing in two parts Lake Khazanin, it goes to the elevation 7580, then to Mt. Gek-Dag (9152), goes over Mt. Uch-Tanalyar (9783), and Mt. Taila-Kala (9716) - summit 9065, where it leaves the former border of the Ardahan district and passes over the Mts. B. Akh Baba (9963) 8828 8827 7602, goes to the east of the village of Ibish, reaches elevation 7518, and then to Mt. Kizil Dash (7439) (7440), village of New Kizil-Dash (Kizel-Dash), passes to the west from Kara-Memeda, goes to the river Jambishu Chai (which is located to the east of the villages of Delaver, B. Kikli, and Tikhnis), and through the village of Vartanly and Bashi-Muragel’; following the above-named river, it goes to the river Arpa-Chai to the north of Kaladi, from there follows all the time the thalweg of the river Arpa-Chai and arrives at the Araks river, following its thalweg to the mouth of the river Lower Kara Su. (It is understood that the border follows the watershed lines of the above-mentioned mountains. ) Georgii Chicherin, Yusuf Kemal’, Djelal Korkmasov, Dr. Riza Nur, Ali Fuad Annex I (B) Taking into account the fact that the border line, as it is identified in Annex I (A), follows the thalwegs of the Arpa-Chai and Araks rivers, the Government of the Grand National Assembly hereby promises to move the line of blockhouses to the distance of 8 versts from the Aleksandropol-Yerevan railroad line in the in the district of the Arpa-Chai river, and to the distance of 4 versts from the above-named railway in the Araks river district. [Trans note: the part I’ve highlighted above seems like it was accidentally omitted on the website. Luckily, this Annex is exactly the same as the Annex for the Treaty of Kars, so I was able to get it here. ] The border lines for the above-named districts are shown below: the district of the river Arpa-Chai in sections (A) and (B) of Paragraph I, and the district of the river Araks in Paragraph II.. I. The Arpa-Chai river district A) To the southeast from Vartanly, to the east from Uzun-Kilisa over Mt. Bozyar (5096), 5082-5047, to the east from Karmir-Vank-Uch-Tapa (5578), to the east from Araz Oglu, to the east from Ani, reaches Arpa Chai to the west from Yeni-Key. B) Leaves Arpa Chai to the east, from elevation 5019 goes straight to elevation 5481, at the distance of 4.5 versts east of Kyzyl Kula, 2 versts the east of Bojaly, and then the river Digor Chai, follows along this river to the village of Duz-Kechut, and goes straight to the north from the ruins of Karabat and to Arpa Chai. II. The Araks river district A straight line between Kharaba Alijan and the village of Suleiman (Diza). In the districts bordered on one side by the line of the Aleksandropol-Yerevan railway and on the other by lines which are located 8 and 4 versts from the above-named railway. The Government of the Grand National Assembly hereby promises not to build any fortifications (the above lines are located outside of these two districts) and not to keep a regular military presence there, although it retains the right to keep the number of troops which is essentially necessary for the maintenance of order, security, and for administrative needs. Georgii Chicherin, Yusuf Kemal’, Djelal Korkmasov, Dr. Riza Nur, Ali Fuad
- Il Trattato di Mosca fu un trattato amichevole tra la Grande Assemblea Nazionale della Turchia (TBMM) e il governo bolscevico dell'Unione Sovietica. Fu siglato il 16 marzo 1921. All'epoca, non erano state istutuite né la Repubblica di Turchia né l'Unione delle Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche.
- モスクワ条約（モスクワじょうやく、ロシア語: Московский договор、トルコ語：Moskova Antlaşması）は、1921年3月16日に、ケマル・パシャ指導下のトルコ大国民議会（アンカラ政権）と、ウラジーミル・レーニン指導下のロシア・ボリシェビキ政権が締結した友好条約である。 この当時はまだ、トルコ共和国もソビエト連邦も樹立されていなかった。この条約は、1921年10月23日のカルス条約（Treaty of Kars）によって強化された。 別名「ブラザーフット（兄弟分）条約」（Treaty of Brotherhood）。
- Het Verdrag van Moskou of het Verdrag van Broederschap was een vriendschapsverdrag dat op 16 maart 1921 gesloten werd tussen de Grote Nationale Assemblee van Turkije en Bolsjewistisch Rusland. Het verdrag werd getekend door Vladimir Lenin en Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Het Verdrag van Moskou bepaalde onder meer de grenslijn tussen de nieuwe Republiek Turkije en de Sovjet-Unie. Het verdrag was gebaseerd op het Verdrag van Brest-Litovsk, dat in maart 1918 met het Ottomaanse Rijk gesloten was. Indertijd was de Sovjet-Unie, noch de Republiek Turkije, al gesticht. Het Verdrag van Moskou werd verder uitgebreid met het Verdrag van Kars op 23 oktober 1921.
- Московский договор — советско-турецкий договор о дружбе и братстве между Великим Национальным Собранием Турции и правительством РСФСР. Был заключен в Москве 16 марта 1921 года, по завершении второй московской русско-турецкой конференции 1921 года. Со стороны Советской России договор подписали Георгий Чичерин и Джелал Коркмасов, со стороны Турции Юсуф Кемаль-бей, Риза Нур-бей и Али Фуад-паша. Ратифицирован ВЦИК 20 июля 1921 года, Великим Национальным Собранием Турции — 31 июля 1921 года. Обмен ратификационными грамотами состоялся 22 сентября 1921 года в Карсе. Договор состоял из 16 статей и 3 приложений.
- Moskova Antlaşması, Sovyet Rusya ile TBMM Hükümeti arasında 16 Mart 1921'de imzalanan antlaşma. Sovyet Rusya'nın genel siyasetini dikkate alan Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, Bekir Sami Bey Başkanlığında Moskova'ya bir heyet göndermişti. Bu heyet, Sovyetler ile Ankara Hükümeti arasında yapılacak antlaşmaya esas olacak ve Brest Litovsk Barış Antlaşması'na dayanan bazı hususları tespit etmiş ve böylece 20 Ağustos 1920'lerde iki hükümet arasında olumlu görüşmeler başlamıştı. Ancak, Sovyet Dışişleri Komiseri Çiçerin'in Kafkasya'da Türkiye'ye ait bazı bölgelerin Ermenistan'a verilmesini istemesi üzerine antlaşmanın imzalanmasından vazgeçilmişti. Bunun üzerine Eylül 1920'de harekete geçen Kazım Karabekir komutasındaki 15. kolordu Kars, Ardahan, Artvin, Batum ve Iğdır'ı aldıktan sonra Taşnakların idaresindeki Ermenistan ile Gümrü Anlaşması imzalanarak sınır tesbit edilmişti. Bu sınırın Sovyetler Birliği tarafından da onaylanmasını isteyen Mustafa Kemal, Ali Fuat Paşa'yı Moskova elçiliğine tayin etti. Ali Fuat Paşa heyeti 14 Aralık 1921'de Ankara'dan ayrılmıştı. Keza, Çiçerin de Ekim ayında Gürcistan'ın Ankara elçisinin kardeşi olan M. Budu Medivani'yi Ankara'ya elçi olarak görevlendirmişti. 19 Şubat 1921'de Ankara'ya gelen Medivani, Mustafa Kemal Paşa'ya itimatnamesini sunmuştu. Bundan sonra Türk-Sovyet ilişkilerinin gelişmesi iki tehlike ile karşılaştı. Bunlardan Birincisi: Türk-Sovyet görüşmelerinin yapıldığı sırada Enver Paşa'nın Moskova'da bulunması idi. İkincisi ise; Azeri milliyetçilerinin teşebbüsü ile Bakü'de Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti'nin bağımsızlığını ilan etmesi ve burada "Doğu Milletleri Kongresi"nin toplanması idi. Ancak, her iki sorun da Türk-Sovyet görüşmelerinin olumlu sonuçlanmasına engel olamadı. Bunda, Türk ordularının Doğu'da Eylül-1920'de Ermeniler'i; Batı'da da, Ocak-1921'de Birinci İnönü Savaşı'nda Yunanlılar'ı yenilgiye uğratmalarının ve dolayısıyla Ankara temsilcilerinin Moskova'daki pazarlık gücünü artırmış olmasının sağladığı etkinin varlığı idi. Neticede taraflar, Batum'un ve Azerbaycan'ın Sovyetler Birliğine terkedilmesi karşılığında Rusya'nın Türkiye'ye belirli miktarda altın ve silah göndermesi hususunda anlaştılar. Bu malzemelerin Ankara'ya taşınması işi de o sırada Moskova'da yaşamakta olan Halil Kut Paşa tarafından organize edildi. Antlaşmayı Türkiye tarafından Ali Fuat Paşa, Dr. Rıza Nur ve Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk, Rus tarafından ise Dışişleri Komiseri Çiçerin ve Merkez Komitesi üyesi Kumuk asıllı Celal Edin Korkmazov imzaladılar.
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