Timeline of gravitational physics and general relativity 800s - Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir hypothesizes that the heavenly bodies and celestial spheres are subject to the same laws of physics as Earth, unlike the ancients who believed that the celestial spheres followed their own set of physical laws different from that of Earth.
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- Timeline of gravitational physics and general relativity 800s - Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir hypothesizes that the heavenly bodies and celestial spheres are subject to the same laws of physics as Earth, unlike the ancients who believed that the celestial spheres followed their own set of physical laws different from that of Earth. In his Astral Motion and The Force of Attraction, he also proposes that there is a force of attraction between heavenly bodies, vaguely foreshadowing the law of gravity. 1000s - Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī develops experimental scientific methods in statics and dynamics, for determining specific weights, such as those based on the theory of balances and weighing. He also generalizes the theory of the centre of gravity and applies it to three-dimensional bodies. He also founds the theory of the lever and creates the "science of gravity" which was later further developed in medieval Europe. He also measures the specific gravities of eighteen gemstones, discovering that there is a correlation between the specific gravity of an object and the volume of water it displaces, and he theorizes that gravity exists within the heavenly bodies and celestial spheres, criticizing the Aristotelian views of them not having any levity or gravity and of circular motion being an innate property of the heavenly bodies. 1000s - Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) discusses the theory of attraction between masses, and it seems that he is aware of the magnitude of acceleration due to gravity, and he states that the heavenly bodies are "accountable to the laws of physics". 1121 - Al-Khazini publishes The Book of the Balance of Wisdom, in which he invents a hydrostatic balance for measuring specific gravity, and proposes that the gravity and gravitational potential energy of a body vary depending on its distance from the centre of the Earth. He also clearly differentiates between force, mass and weight, and he shows awareness of the weight of the air and of its decrease in density with altitude, and discovers that there is greater density of water when nearer to the Earth's centre. 1583 - Galileo Galilei induces the period relationship of a pendulum from observation (according to later biographer). 1589 - Galileo Galilei describes a hydrostatic balance for measuring specific gravity. 1590 - Galileo Galilei formulates modified Aristotelean theory of motion (later retracted) based on density rather than weight of objects. 1602 - Galileo Galilei conducts experiments on pendulum motion. 1604 - Galileo Galilei conducts experiments with inclined planes and induces the law of falling objects. 1607 - Galileo Galilei arrives a mathematical formulation of the law of falling objects based on his earlier experiments. 1608 - Galileo Galilei discovers the parabolic arc of projectiles through experiment. 1640 - Ismael Bullialdus suggests an inverse-square gravitational force law. 1665 - Isaac Newton introduces an inverse-square universal law of gravitation uniting terrestrial and celestial theories of motion and uses it to predict the orbit of the Moon and the parabolic arc of projectiles. 1684 - Isaac Newton proves that planets moving under an inverse-square force law will obey Kepler's laws 1686 - Isaac Newton uses a fixed length pendulum with weights of varying composition to test the weak equivalence principle to 1 part in 1000 1798 - Henry Cavendish measures the force of gravity between two masses, leading to the first accurate value for the gravitational constant 1846 - Urbain Le Verrier and John Couch Adams, studying Uranus orbit, independently prove that another, farther planet must exist. Neptune was found at the predicted moment and position. 1855 - Le Verrier observes a 35 arcsecond per century excess precession of Mercury's orbit and attributes it to another planet, inside Mercury's orbit. The planet was never found. See Vulcan. 1876 - William Kingdon Clifford suggests that the motion of matter may be due to changes in the geometry of space 1882 - Simon Newcomb observes a 43 arcsecond per century excess precession of Mercury's orbit 1887 - Albert Michelson and Edward Morley in their experiment do not detect the ether drift 1889 - Loránd Eötvös uses a torsion balance to test the weak equivalence principle to 1 part in one billion 1893 - Ernst Mach states Mach's principle; first constructive attack on the idea of Newtonian absolute space 1898 - Henri Poincaré states that simultaneity is relative 1904 - Henri Poincaré presents the principle of relativity for electromagnetism 1905 - Albert Einstein completes his theory of special relativity and states the law of mass-energy conservation: E=mc 1907 - Albert Einstein introduces the principle of equivalence of gravitation and inertia and uses it to predict the gravitational redshift 1915 - Albert Einstein completes his theory of general relativity. The new theory perfectly matches Mercury's strange motions that baffled Urbain Le Verrier. 1915 - Karl Schwarzschild publishes the Schwarzschild metric about a month after Einstein published his general theory of relativity. This was the first solution to the Einstein field equations other than the trivial flat space solution. 1916 - Albert Einstein shows that the field equations of general relativity admit wavelike solutions 1918 - J. Lense and Hans Thirring find the gravitomagnetic precession of gyroscopes in the equations of general relativity 1919 - Arthur Eddington leads a solar eclipse expedition which claims to detect gravitational deflection of light by the Sun 1921 - Theodor Kaluza demonstrates that a five-dimensional version of Einstein's equations unifies gravitation and electromagnetism 1937 - Fritz Zwicky states that galaxies could act as gravitational lenses 1937 - Albert Einstein, Leopold Infeld, and Banesh Hoffmann show that the geodesic equations of general relativity can be deduced from its field equations 1957 - John Wheeler discusses the breakdown of classical general relativity near singularities and the need for quantum gravity 1960 - Robert Pound and Glen Rebka test the gravitational redshift predicted by the equivalence principle to approximately 1% 1962 - Robert Dicke, Peter Roll, and R. Krotkov use a torsion fiber balance to test the weak equivalence principle to 2 parts in 100 billion 1964 - Irwin Shapiro predicts a gravitational time delay of radiation travel as a test of general relativity 1965 - Joseph Weber puts the first Weber bar gravitational wave detector into operation 1968 - Irwin Shapiro presents the first detection of the Shapiro delay 1968 - Kenneth Nordtvedt studies a possible violation of the weak equivalence principle for self-gravitating bodies and proposes a new test of the weak equivalence principle based on observing the relative motion of the Earth and Moon in the Sun's gravitational field 1976 - Robert Vessot and Martin Levine use a hydrogen maser clock on a Scout D rocket to test the gravitational redshift predicted by the equivalence principle to approximately 0.007% 1976 - Gravity Probe A experiment confirmed slowing the flow of time caused by gravity matching the predicted effects to an accuracy of about 70 parts per million. 1979 - Dennis Walsh, Robert Carswell, and Ray Weymann discover the gravitationally lensed quasar Q0957+561 1982 - Joseph Taylor and Joel Weisberg show that the rate of energy loss from the binary pulsar PSR B1913+16 agrees with that predicted by the general relativistic quadrupole formula to within 5% 2007 - End of Gravity Probe B experiment.
- 重力と相対性理論の年表（じゅうりょくとそうたいせいりろんのねんぴょう）。 1898年 - アンリ・ポアンカレが同時性は相対的だと述べる。 1904年 - アンリ・ポアンカレが電磁気での相対原理を提唱する。 1905年 - アルベルト・アインシュタインが特殊相対性理論を完成させ、E=mcに代表されるエネルギー質量の保存を述べる。 1907年 - アルベルト・アインシュタインは重力と慣性力の等価原理を導入した。そしてそれから重力の赤方偏移を予言した。 1915年 - アルベルト・アインシュタインが一般相対性理論を完成させる。新しい理論はユルバン・ルヴェリエの水星軌道の変動（近日点の移動）と完全に一致した。 1915年 - カール・シュヴァルツシルトは一般相対性理論でシュバルツシルト計量を求めた。これは平坦な場合の解を除いた初めてのアインシュタインの場の方程式の解である。 1916年 - アルベルト・アインシュタインは一般相対性理論の場の方程式は波のような解を許すことを示した。 1919年 - アーサー・エディントンは日食遠征により、太陽による光のずれを検出した。 1921年 - テオドール・カルツァ が5次元でのアインシュタイン方程式を求め、そこで重力と電磁気力が統一されることを示した。 1937年 - フリッツ・ツビッキーは銀河が重力レンズとして作用することを述べた。 1937年 - アルベルト・アインシュタイン、レオポルト・インフェルト、は一般相対性理論の測地線方程式が場の方程式から導かれることを示した。 1957年 - ジョン・ホイーラーは特異点の近くで古典的一般相対性理論が崩壊することを議論し、量子重力が必要だと述べた。 1960年 - と Glen Rebkaが重力赤方偏移が1パーセントの近似で一致することを検証した。 1962年 -, Peter Roll, と R. Krotkovがねじったひものバランスから弱い等価原理が1000億分の2で成り立つことを検証した。 1964年 - アーウィン・シャピロは一般相対性理論を検証するためのものとしてシャピロ時間遅れを予言した。 1965年 - ジョセフ・ウェーバーは初めてウェーバー・バーによる重力波測定を行った。 1968年 - アーウィン・シャピロがシャピロ時間遅れを初めて検出する。 1968年 - が自己重力の弱い等価原理の可能な破れを研究し、太陽の重力場の中での地球と月の運動を観測することを基礎として弱い等価原理の新しい試験を提案した。 1976年 - Robert Vessot と Martin Levineが水素メーザー時計を使って重力赤方偏移が予言されたものの0.007パーセントの精度で一致することを検証した。 1976年 - Gravity Probe A実験が重力による時間の遅れを理論で予言されるものに対して七千分の一の精度で確かめられた。 1979年 -,,と Ray Weymannにより重力レンズ効果を受けたクエーサーQ0957+561が発見された。 1982年 - ジョゼフ・テイラーとジョエル・ワイスバーグは連星パルサー PSR B1913+16のエネルギーの減少が 一般相対性理論で予言されている四重公式の5%以内であることを示した。 2007年 - Gravity Probe B実験が終わる。
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- George Saliba
- Robert Briffault
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- George
- Muzaffar
- Rafik
- Robert
- Roshdi
- Régis
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- Islam & Science
- Journal for the History of Astronomy
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- Berjak
- Briffault
- Iqbal
- Morelon
- Rashed
- Saliba
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- 1994a
- 1938 (xsd:integer)
- 1996 (xsd:integer)
- 2003 (xsd:integer)
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- Timeline of gravitational physics and general relativity 800s - Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir hypothesizes that the heavenly bodies and celestial spheres are subject to the same laws of physics as Earth, unlike the ancients who believed that the celestial spheres followed their own set of physical laws different from that of Earth.
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- Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity
- 重力と相対性理論の年表
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