The TX-0, for Transistorized Experimental computer zero but affectionately referred to as tixo (pronounced "tix oh"), was an early fully transistorized computer and contained a then-huge 64K of 18-bit words of core memory. TX-0 went online in 1956 and was used continually into the 1960s.

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  • The TX-0, for Transistorized Experimental computer zero but affectionately referred to as tixo (pronounced "tix oh"), was an early fully transistorized computer and contained a then-huge 64K of 18-bit words of core memory. TX-0 went online in 1956 and was used continually into the 1960s. Designed at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory largely as an experiment in transistorized design and the construction of very large core memory systems, the TX-0 was essentially a transistorized version of the equally famous Whirlwind, also built at Lincoln Laboratory. While the Whirlwind filled an entire floor of a large building, TX-0 fit in a single reasonably sized room and yet was somewhat faster. Like the Whirlwind, the TX-0 was equipped with a display system, in this case a 12" oscilloscope hooked to output pins of the processor allowing it to display 512×512 points in a 7" by 7" array. The TX-0 was a fully 16-bit computer with a 16-bit address range and 16-bit operations. Its word size was 18 bits; this allowed for 16 bits of data and 2 bits of instructions. These 2 bits could create four possible instructions, which included store, add, and branch instructions as a basic set. The fourth instruction, "operate", took additional operands and allowed access to a number of "micro-orders" which could be used separately or together to provide many other useful instructions. An addition took 10 microseconds. With the successful completion of the TX-0, work turned immediately to the much larger and far more complex TX-1. However this project soon ran into difficulties due to its complexity, and was redesigned into a smaller form that would eventually be delivered as the TX-2 in 1958. Since core memory was very expensive at the time, several parts of the TX-0 memory were cannibalized for the TX-2 project. After a time the TX-0 was no longer considered worth keeping, and was "loaned" (semi-permanently) to the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) in July 1958, where it became a centerpiece of what would eventually evolve into the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. Delivered from Lincoln Laboratory with only 4K of core, the machine no longer had to use 16 of its 18 bit instructions to store a location, so after about a year and a half the number of instruction bits were doubled to 4, for a total of 16 instructions, and an index register was added. This dramatically improved programmability of the machine, but still left room for a later upgrade to 8K. This newly-expanded TX-0 was used to develop a huge number of advances in computing, including speech and handwriting recognition, as well as the tools needed to work on such projects, including text editors and debuggers. Meanwhile the TX-2 project was running into difficulties of its own, and several team members decided to leave the project and start their own company. After a short time selling "lab modules" in the form of single modules from the TX-2 design, the newly-formed Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) decided to produce a "cleaned up" TX-0, and delivered it in 1961 as the PDP-1. The first PDP-1 would eventually be installed in the room next to TX-0, and would run side-by-side for some time. Significant pieces of the TX-0 are currently on display in the Library at Lincoln Laboratory. The library is only accessible to Lincoln employees.
  • Der TX-0 (Transistorized Experimental computer zero) gilt als der erste transistorbasierte Computer und wurde 1955 am MIT Lincoln Laboratory entwickelt und ab 1956 eingesetzt. Er war Nachfolger des Whirlwinds, der noch nicht über Transistoren verfügte, und Vorgänger der PDP-1. Ursprünglich sollte er nur die Fähigkeiten von Transistoren demonstrieren und das Nachfolgemodell TX-2 unterstützen.
  • TX-0, pour Transistorized Experimental computer zero, surnommé affectueusement « Tixo », est le premier ordinateur à transistors. Construit au Lincoln Laboratory du Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Il s'agit d'une machine 16 bits semblable au Whirlwind I.
  • Il TX-0 (acronimo di Transistorized Experimental computer zero spesso chiamato tixo) era un supercomputer totalmente a transistor con una memoria a nucleo magnetico di sistema della notevole capacità (per i tempi) di 64.000 parole di 18 bit. Il TX-0 venne attivato nel 1956 e rimase operativo per tutti gli anni sessanta. Sviluppato dai Lincoln Laboratory del Massachusetts Institute of Technology utilizzava largamente i transistor e era in effetti il primo esperimento su vasta scala di un computer basato su transistor con una tale memoria di sistema. Il sistema era una versione a transistor del computer Whirlwind, un altro progetto dei Lincoln Labs. Ma mentre il Whirlwind riempiva il piano di un edificio il TX-0 occupava una singola stanza ed era veloce. Come il Whirlwind il TX-0 era equipaggiato con uno schermo inserito in un contenitore da oscilloscopio di 12 pollici. L'uscita era uno schermo di 512 x 512 pixel in uno schermo di 7 x 7 pollici. Il TX-0 non è stato progettato per essere utilizzato come sistema a sé stante. La macchina disponeva di una memoria di 64.000 parole e quindi utilizzava un indirizzamento a 16 bit ma per ridurre i costi si decise di utilizzare parole di soli 18 bit. Venivano utilizzati solo 2 bit per le istruzioni infatti la macchina disponeva solo di quattro istruzioni. Queste istruzioni consentivano di memorizzare un dato, sommare dei dati e effettuare un salto. La quarta istruzione consentiva di accedere a una seconda serie di istruzioni che potevano essere utilizzate singolarmente o collegate. Queste istruzioni addizionali richiedevano ulteriori 10 microsecondi per essere eseguite. Con il termine del TX-0 i lavori del laboratorio si concentrarono sul progetto TX-1. Tuttavia il progetto dovette affrontare molte difficoltà per via della complessità e in seguito venne riconvertito ad un progetto più modesto il TX-2 del 1958. Il nucleo della memoria per il tempo era molto grande e buona parte deriva da quello del TX-0 che fu cannibalizzato per realizzare il TX-2. In seguito il TX-0 non è stato considerato molto interessante e prestato semipermanententemente al laboratori di elettronica del MIT dal giugno del 1958 dove è diventato il centro di quello che in seguito è diventato il MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. Trasportato al dal lincoln Labs con solo 4 K di memoria il computer non era più costretto a utilizzare 16 bit per indirizzare la memoria e in seguito si espanse il numero di istruzioni portandole da 4 a 16 e un registro indice venne aggiunto. Questo rese la programmazione della macchina molto più semplice ma consentiva l'espansione della memoria a 8 K. L'espansione della memoria consenti lo sviluppo di mote grandi innovazioni dell'informatica come il riconoscimento della voce, il riconoscimento della scrittura e vennero sviluppati molti progetti come programmi di scrittura e debugger. Nel contempo il progetto TX-2 andava avanti e affrontando molte difficoltà. Una di questa dipese dal fatto che molti membri della squadra abbandonarono il progetto per fondare le loro società. Dopo poco tempo i moduli del TX-2 furono venduti singolarmente alla Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) che decise di produrre una versione ripulita del TX-0 nel 1961 che chiamò PDP-1. Il primo PDP-1 venne installato in una stanza vicina a quella del TX-0 e funzionarono contemporaneamente per alcuni anni.
  • TX-0(Transistorized EXperimental computer zero)は、初期の完全トランジスタ式コンピュータのひとつ。当時としては大規模な64K×18ビットワードの磁気コアメモリを備えていた。1956年に稼動を開始し、1960年代まで使われた。tixoとも呼ばれる。 MITリンカーン研究所で主として、トランジスタ化設計と大規模磁気コアメモリシステムの実験のために設計されたもので、TX-0の基本設計はリンカーン研究所が以前に設計した有名なWhirlwindをトランジスタ化したものである。Whirlwindが大きな建物のフロア全体を占めるような大きさであったのに対して、TX-0はそれなりの部屋に収まり、しかも高速だった。Whirlwindと同様TX-0にもディスプレイシステムが装備されていた。12インチのオシロスコープを装備していて、7インチ×7インチの範囲に512×512ピクセルの表示ができた。 TX-0は実用を目的としていたわけではない。メモリは64Kワードあったが、それを使いこなすには16ビットのアドレス空間が必要である。しかし、コスト削減のため、命令語長は18ビットに切り詰められていた。これでは、命令コードに2ビットしか使えず、命令は4種類しかないことになる。TX-0には基本命令としてストアと加算と分岐しかなかった。しかし、4番目の命令 "operate" は命令語の続きを命令コードとして解釈するもので、これによって便利な命令をいくつも使うことができた。加算には10μ秒かかった。 TX-0の成功により、より大規模で複雑な TX-1 が直ちに計画された。しかし、その複雑さゆえ計画はすぐに頓挫し、規模を縮小して再設計され、1958年にTX-2が完成した。磁気コアメモリは当時非常に高価だったので、TX-0のメモリの一部はTX-2に転用された。研究対象としての TX-0 が不要になると、1958年7月にMIT電子工学研究所(RLE)にほぼ無期限で貸し出され、後にMIT人工知能研究所に受け継がれた。 リンカーン研究所から引き渡されたときにはわずか4Kワードのコアメモリしかなかったが、命令の形式は上述の通り64Kワードにアクセス可能であった。そこで約1年半後には命令コードを4ビットに増やし、インデックスレジスタも追加された。これによってプログラミングが格段に楽になり、後にはメモリを8Kまで拡張した。この新たに生まれ変わったTX-0は音声認識や手書き文字認識などの様々な情報工学関連の研究開発に使われた。テキストエディタやデバッガなどのツール類も開発された。
  • MIT TX-0 (ang. Transistorized Experimental computer zero) - komputer zbudowany pod koniec lat 50. XX wieku w Massachusetts Institute of Technology, jako jeden z pierwszych mający budowę tranzystorową. Komputer posiadał wiele innowacyjnych jak na owe czasy urządzeń, jak np. monitor (ekran) ekranowy, czy pióro świetlne. Urządzenie pobierało dane z taśmy dziurkowanej, poza tym do sterowania używany był pulpit sterowniczy. Urządzeniem wyjścia mógł być popularny wówczas teleks, jak i monitor wbudowany w róg pulpitu. Urządzenie miało możliwość wyświetlania grafiki w postaci linii i prostych bitmapek. Nieoficjalnie mówi się, że właśnie na TX-0 powstała pierwsza gra typu "labirynt" polegająca na nakierowaniu wirtualnej myszy przez labirynt. Sterowanie gryzoniem odbywało się poprzez pióro świetlne. Pomimo technologii tranzystorowej w komputerze zastosowano niecodzienne rozwiązanie: tranzystor, po odpowiednim wlutowaniu w cokół, zamykano w odkręcanej szklanej bańce przypominającej łudząco lampę. Umożliwiało to szybką wymianę komponentów oraz, w niektórych przypadkach, zastępowanie ich zwykłymi lampami gdyby zabrakło cennych półprzewodników.
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  • The TX-0, for Transistorized Experimental computer zero but affectionately referred to as tixo (pronounced "tix oh"), was an early fully transistorized computer and contained a then-huge 64K of 18-bit words of core memory. TX-0 went online in 1956 and was used continually into the 1960s.
  • Der TX-0 (Transistorized Experimental computer zero) gilt als der erste transistorbasierte Computer und wurde 1955 am MIT Lincoln Laboratory entwickelt und ab 1956 eingesetzt. Er war Nachfolger des Whirlwinds, der noch nicht über Transistoren verfügte, und Vorgänger der PDP-1. Ursprünglich sollte er nur die Fähigkeiten von Transistoren demonstrieren und das Nachfolgemodell TX-2 unterstützen.
  • TX-0, pour Transistorized Experimental computer zero, surnommé affectueusement « Tixo », est le premier ordinateur à transistors. Construit au Lincoln Laboratory du Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Il s'agit d'une machine 16 bits semblable au Whirlwind I.
  • Il TX-0 (acronimo di Transistorized Experimental computer zero spesso chiamato tixo) era un supercomputer totalmente a transistor con una memoria a nucleo magnetico di sistema della notevole capacità (per i tempi) di 64.000 parole di 18 bit. Il TX-0 venne attivato nel 1956 e rimase operativo per tutti gli anni sessanta.
  • MIT TX-0 (ang. Transistorized Experimental computer zero) - komputer zbudowany pod koniec lat 50. XX wieku w Massachusetts Institute of Technology, jako jeden z pierwszych mający budowę tranzystorową. Komputer posiadał wiele innowacyjnych jak na owe czasy urządzeń, jak np. monitor (ekran) ekranowy, czy pióro świetlne. Urządzenie pobierało dane z taśmy dziurkowanej, poza tym do sterowania używany był pulpit sterowniczy.
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  • TX-0
  • TX-0
  • TX-0
  • TX-0
  • TX-0
  • TX-0
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