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- Soft power is the ability to obtain what you want through co-option and attraction. It is in contradistinction to 'hard power', which is the use of coercion and payment. It is similar in substance but not identical to a combination of the second dimension(agenda setting) and the third dimensions (or the radical dimension) of power as expounded by Steven Lukes in Power a Radical View. Soft Power can be wielded not just by States, but by all actors in International Poltics, such as NGO's, or International Institutions. The idea of attraction as a form of power did not originate with Nye or Lukes, and can be dated back to such ancient Chinese philosophers as Lao Tsu in the 7th century BC, but the modern development dates back only to the late 20th century. The phrase was coined by Joseph Nye of Harvard University in a 1990 book, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. He further developed the concept in his 2004 book, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. The term is now widely used in international affairs by analysts and statesmen. For example, in 2007, Chinese President Hu Jintao told the 17th Communist Party Congress that China needed to increase its soft power, and the American Secretary of Defense Robert Gates spoke of the need to enhance American soft power by "a dramatic increase in spending on the civilian instruments of national security -- diplomacy, strategic communications, foreign assistance, civic action and economic reconstruction and development. " The primary currencies of Soft Power are an actor's Values, Culture, Policies and Institutions - and the extent to which these "primary currencies" as Nye calls them, are able to attract or repel other actors to "want what you want".. In 2008, Nye applied the concepts of hard and soft power to individual leadership in "The Powers to Lead". In any discussion of power, it is important to distinguish behavior (affecting others to obtain the preferred outcomes) from the resources that may (or may not) produce those outcomes. Sometimes persons or countries with more power resources are not able to get the outcomes they wish. Power is a relationship between an agent and a subject of power, and that relationship will vary with different situations. Meaningful statements about power must always specify the context in which the resources may (or may not) be converted into behavior. Soft power is not merely non-traditional forces such as cultural and commercial goods, as this confuses the resources that may produce behavior with the behavior itself – what Steven Lukes calls the “vehicle fallacy. ” Neither is it merely anything non-military such as economic sanctions, since sanctions are clearly intended to coerce, and thus a form of hard power. That said, Military force can sometimes contribute to soft power. Dictators like Hitler and Stalin cultivated myths of invincibility and inevitability to structure expectations and attract others to join their bandwagon. A well run military can be a source of attraction, and military to military cooperation and training programs, for example, can establish transnational networks that enhance a country’s soft power. Napoleon's image as a Great General and military hero arguably attracted much of the foreign aristocracy to him. The impressive job of the American military in providing humanitarian relief after the Indian Ocean tsunami and the South Asian earthquake in 2005 helped restore the attractiveness of the United States. Of course, misuse of military resources can also undercut soft power. The Soviet Union had a great deal of soft power in the years after World War II, but they destroyed it by the way they used their hard power against Hungary and Czechoslovakia, just as American military actions in the Middle East undercut their Soft Power. Soft power is not the solution to all problems. Efforts to use soft power got nowhere in attracting the Taliban government away from its support for Al Qaeda in the 1990s, but other goals such as the promotion of democracy and human rights are better achieved by soft power. Soft power, then, represents the third behavioral way of getting the outcomes you want. Soft power is contrasted with hard power, which has historically been the predominant realist measure of national power, through quantitative metrics such as population size, concrete military assets, or a nation's gross domestic product. But having such resources does not always produce the desired outcomes as the United States discovered in the Vietnam War. The extent of attraction can be measured by public opinion polls, by elite interviews, and case studies. Nye argues that soft power is more than influence, since influence can also rest on the hard power of threats or payments. And soft power is more than just persuasion or the ability to move people by argument, though that is an important part of it. It is also the ability to attract, and attraction often leads to acquiescence. In international affairs, soft power is generated only in part by what the government does through its policies and public diplomacy. The generation of soft power is also affected in positive (and negative) ways by a host of non-state actors within and outside the country. Those actors affect both the general public and governing elites in other countries, and create an enabling or disabling environment for government policies. In some cases, soft power will enhance the probability of other elites adopting policies that allow one to achieve preferred outcomes. In other cases, where being seen as friendly to another country is seen as a local political kiss of death, the decline or absence of soft power will prevent a government from obtaining particular goals. But even in such instances, the interactions of civil societies and non-state actors may help to further general milieu goals such as democracy, liberty, and development. Soft power is not the possession of any one country or actor. The success of soft power heavily depends on the actor’s reputation within the international community, as well as the flow of information between actors. Thus, soft power is often associated with the rise of globalization and neoliberal international relations theory. Popular culture and media is regularly identified as a source of soft power, as is the spread of a national language, or a particular set of normative structures; a nation with a large amount of soft power and the good will that engenders it inspire others to acculturate, avoiding the need for expensive hard power expenditures. Because soft power has appeared as an alternative to raw power politics, it is often embraced by ethically-minded scholars and policymakers. But soft power is a descriptive rather than a normative concept. Like any form of power, it can be wielded for good or bad purposes. Hitler, Stalin, Mao and bin Laden all possessed a great deal of soft power in the eyes of their acolytes, but that did not make it good. While soft power can be used with bad intentions and wreak horrible consequences, it does differ in terms of means. It is on this dimension that one might construct a normative preference for greater use of soft power.
- Soft Power (im deutschen auch als weiche Macht bezeichnet) ist ein von Joseph Nye geprägter politikwissenschaftlicher Begriff, der die politische Machtausübung (insbesondere die Beeinflussung der Ereignisse in den internationalen Beziehungen) auf Grundlage kultureller Attraktivität, der Ideologie und auch mit Hilfe Internationaler Institutionen beschreibt . Zentrales Merkmal der Soft Power ist die Machtausübung durch die Beeinflussung der Ziele politischer Akteure, ohne dass dazu (wirtschaftliche) Anreize oder (militärische) Bedrohungen eingesetzt werden.
- Poder blando, en inglés soft power es un término usado en relaciones internacionales, para describir la habilidad de un actor político, como por ejemplo un estado, para incidir en las acciones o intereses de otros actores valiéndose de medios culturales, ideológicos. El término fue acuñado por el profesor de la Universidad Harvard Joseph Nye, en su libro de 1990 Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, que luego desarrollaría en 2004 en Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. El valor del término como teoría política ha sido discutido, sin embargo ha sido ampliamente utilizado como forma de diferenciar el poder sutil de la cultura o las ideas frente a las formas más coercitivas, también llamadas poder duro, como la acción militar o la presión económica.
- Le soft power (ou « puissance douce ») est un concept utilisé en relations internationales et développé par le professeur américain Joseph Nye (et repris depuis une décennie par de nombreux leaders politiques tels que Colin Powell au Forum économique mondial en 2003) pour décrire la capacité d'un acteur politique – comme un État, une firme multinationale, une ONG, une institution internationale voire un réseau de citoyens (comme le mouvement altermondialiste)– d'influencer indirectement le comportement d'un autre acteur ou la définition par cet autre acteur de ses propres intérêts à travers des moyens non coercitifs.
- Soft power è un termine utilizzato nella teoria delle relazioni internazionali per descrivere l'abilità di un corpo politico di persuadere, convincere ed attrarre altri tramite risorse intangibili quali "cultura, valori e istituzioni della politica" (Soft Power, cap. I, p. 9).
- ソフト・パワー（Soft Power）とは、国家が軍事力や経済力などの対外的な強制力によらず、その国の有する文化や政治的価値観、政策の魅力などに対する支持や理解、共感を得ることにより、国際社会からの信頼や、発言力を獲得し得る力のことである。対義語はハード・パワー。
- Soft power (do inglês poder suave) é um termo usado na teoria de relações internacionais para descrever a habilidade de um corpo político, como um Estado, para influenciar indiretamente o comportamento ou interesses de outros corpos políticos por meios culturais ou ideológicos. O termo foi usado pela primeira vez pelo professor de Harvard Joseph Nye. Ele desenvolveu o conceito em seu livro de 2004, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics . Embora sua utilidade como uma teoria descritiva foi desafiada, soft power entrou desde então em discursos políticos como uma maneira diferente de distinguir os efeitos sutis de culturas, valores e idéias no comportamento de outros. Nas palavras de Nye, O conceito básico de poder é a habilidade de influenciar outros a fazer o que você quer. Há três maneiras de se fazer isto: uma delas é ameaçá-los com galhos; a segunda é comprá-los com cenouras; e a terceira é atrair-los ou cooperar com eles para que queiram o mesmo que você. Se você conseguir atraí-los a querer o que você quer, te custará muito menos cenouras e galhos. Soft power, então, representa o terceiro meio de conseguir os resultados desejados. Soft power é constrastado com hard power, que historicamente foi a medida realista de poder predominante, por meio de grandes números, como tamanho de população, tecnologia militar, ou o PIB de um país. Mas ter tais recursos nem sempre produzem os resultados desejados, como os Estados Unidos descobriram na Guerra do Vietnã. O sucesso do soft power depende grandemente na reputação do "ator" na comunidade internacional, e também do fluxo de informações entre atores. Então, soft power é geralmente associada com a ascensão da globalização e a teoria neoliberal nas relações internacionais. Cultura popular e a mídia são geralmente identificados como uma fonte de soft power muito influentes.
- 软实力，指国际关系中，一个国家所具有的除经济、军事以外的第三方面的实力，主要是文化、价值观、意识形态、民意等方面的影响力。 “软实力”（Soft Power）的概念是由美国哈佛大学教授约瑟夫·奈提出来的。根据约瑟夫·奈的说法，硬实力是一国利用其军事力量和经济实力强迫或收买其他国家的能力，软实力则是“一国通过吸引和说服别国服从你的目标从而使你得到自己想要的东西的能力”。约瑟夫·奈教授认为一个国家的软实力主要存在于三种资源中：“文化（在能对他国产生吸引力的地方起作用）、政治价值观（当这个国家在国内外努力实践这些价值观时）及外交政策（当政策需被认为合法且具有道德威信时）”。美国学者尼古拉斯·欧维纳则认为：“军事以外的影响力都是软实力，包括意识形态和政治价值的吸引力、文化感召力等。”
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