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- Self-determination theory (SDT) is a general theory of human motivation and is concerned with the choices people make with their own free will and full sense of choice, without any external influence and interference. For example, a self-determined person chooses to behave in a manner that reflects his/her autonomy and his/her behavior is not to achieve an external reward or escape aversive stimuli in the environment. In simple terms, SDT focuses on the degree to which an individual’s behavior is self-endorsed and self-determined (Deci & Ryan, 2002). In the 1970s, research on SDT evolved from studies comparing the intrinsic and extrinsic motives, and the dominant role extrinsic motivation played in an individual’s behavior (e.g. Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973) but it was not until mid 1980s that SDT was formally introduced and accepted as a sound empirical theory (Deci & Ryan, 2008). Research applying SDT to different areas in social psychology has increased considerably during the last decade. Key studies that led to emergence of SDT included research on intrinsic motivation (e.g. Deci, 1971). Intrinsic motivation refers to initiating an activity for its own sake because it is interesting and satisfying in itself, as opposed to doing an activity to obtain an external goal (extrinsic motivation). Different types of motivations have been described based on the degree they have been internalized. Internalization refers to active attempt to transform an extrinsic motive into personally endorsed values and thus assimilate behavioral regulations that were originally external (Ryan, 1995). Based on the degree of control exerted by external factors, levels of extrinsic motivation can be aligned along a continuum (Ryan & Deci, 2000). On the low-end of the continuum is external regulation, which refers to doing something for the sole purpose of achieving a reward or avoiding a punishment, followed by introjected regulation. Introjected regulation refers to partial internalization of extrinsic motives. Next is identified regulation, which refers to doing an activity because the individual identifies with the values and accepts it as his own. Therefore, identified regulation is autonomous and not merely controlled by external factors. Finally, integrated regulation refers to identification with the values and meanings of the activity to the extent that it becomes fully internalized and autonomous (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Deci and Ryan later expanded on the early work differentiating between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and proposed three main intrinsic needs (Deci & Ryan, 1991, 1995) involved in self-determination. According to Deci and Ryan, the three psychological needs motivate the self to initiate behavior and specify nutriments that are essential for psychological health and well-being of an individual. These needs are said to be universal, innate and psychological and include the need for competence, need for autonomy and the need for relatedness (Deci & Ryan, 2002). Need for competence: refers to the need to experience oneself as capable and competent in controlling the environment and being able to reliably predict outcomes. Need for autonomy (or self-determination): refers to the need to actively participate in determining own behavior. It includes the need to experience one’s actions as result of autonomous choice without external interference. Need for relatedness: refers to need to care for and be related to others. It includes the need to experience authentic relatedness from others and to experience satisfaction in participation and involvement with the social world (Deci & Ryan).
- Die Selbstbestimmungstheorie von Deci & Ryan (engl. Self-determination theory) ist eine humanistische allgemeine Motivations- und Persönlichkeits-Theorie (Deci & Ryan, 1985; 2000). Selbstbestimmtheit bezieht sich dabei darauf, inwiefern Menschen auf der höchsten Reflexionsebene ihre Handlungen selbst frei wählen und ausführen. Die Theorie beschäftigt sich mit der Förderung von menschlicher Selbstbestimmtheit und damit wie soziale Umgebungen so gestaltet werden können, dass sie persönliches Wachstum, Leistung und das Wohlbefinden fördern. Die Theorie enthält zwei Subtheorien: Die kognitive Evaluationstheorie (engl. cognitive evaluation theory) beschäftigt sich mit intrinsischer Motivation durch Befriedigung psychischer Grundbedürfnisse. Die Organismische Integrationstheorie (engl. organismic integration theory) beschäftigt sich mit extrinischer Motivation und unterscheidet verschiedene Grade der Internalisierung dieser Motivation.
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