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- Robert Rathbun Wilson (March 4, 1914 – January 16, 2000) was an American physicist who was a group leader of the Manhattan Project, a sculptor, and an architect of Fermi National Laboratory (Fermilab), where he was also the director from 1967–1978. Wilson was born in Frontier, Wyoming, in 1914. In 1932 he arrived at Ernest O. Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, which was at that time blossoming into the top American site for both experimental and theoretical physics due to the efforts of Lawrence and J. Robert Oppenheimer. But Wilson ran into friction with Lawrence's harsh frugality while working on his cyclotron and was fired twice from the Rad Lab. The first time, for losing a rubber seal in the 37-inch cyclotron which prevented its use in a demonstration to a potential donor; he was later rehired at Luis Alvarez's urging. However he soon melted a pair of pliers during a welding job, and was again fired. Though offered his job back, he decided instead to go to Princeton to work with Henry DeWolf Smyth. At Princeton, Wilson eventually took over Smyth's project: an alternative approach to electromagnetic separation from Lawrence's Calutrons, for the purpose of separating the valuable light isotope of uranium from the immensely more common heavy one (a key step to producing an atomic bomb). By 1941 the project had produced a device called the "Isotron," which different from the Calutron as it used an electrical field to separate the uranium, not a magnetic one. When Robert Oppenheimer's secret centralized laboratory for war research on the atomic bomb—Los Alamos—opened in 1943, Wilson was appointed as head of the Cyclotron Group (R-1) by Oppenheimer. Only in his late twenties, he was the youngest group leader in the experimental division. In 1945, when Nazi Germany surrendered, and the initial motivation for the crash atomic bomb project dissipated as it was discovered that the Nazi atomic research program was years behind, Wilson attempted to raise the question at the lab of whether they should continue with their work. News of this was met with an icy reception from General Leslie Groves, military head of the project. In later life, Wilson would say that he should have strongly considered ceasing work on the bomb after the surrender of Germany, and regretted not doing so to some extent. After the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Wilson helped organize the Association of Los Alamos Scientists (ALAS), which called, with a scientists' petition, for the international control of atomic energy. The petition was carried by Oppenheimer to Washington, D.C. , eventually making its way via Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson to President Harry S. Truman. Ironically the Russians may have seen it first—atomic spy Klaus Fuchs gave Harry Gold a copy which arrived in Moscow on October 29, 1945, and was noted upon that the physicists' "feelings of distrust toward the government are very strong. " After the war Wilson also helped form the Federation of American Scientists and served as its chairman in 1946. During the same period he accepted a short appointment at Harvard (most of which was spent at Berkeley), and then in 1947 went to Cornell University where he worked at the Cornell Laboratory of Nuclear Studies. There his achievements led to the construction of a particle accelerator, the Cornell Electron-positron Storage Ring (CESR), now located at the Wilson Synchrotron Laboratory. In 1967 he took a leave of absence from Cornell to assume directorship of the not-yet-created National Accelerator Laboratory which was to create the largest particle accelerator of its day at Batavia, Illinois. In 1969, Wilson was called to justify the multimillion-dollar machine to the Congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Bucking the trend of the day, Wilson emphasized it had nothing at all to do with national security, rather: Thanks to Wilson's leadership—in a full-steam ahead style very much adopted from Lawrence, despite his firings—the facility was completed on time and under budget. Originally named the National Accelerator Laboratory, it was renamed the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab for short) in 1974, after famed Italian physicist Enrico Fermi; the facility centered around a four-mile circumference, 400 GeV accelerator. Unlike most government facilities, Fermilab was designed to be aesthetically pleasing. Wilson wanted Fermilab to be an appealing place to work, believing that external harmony would encourage internal harmony as well, and labored personally to keep it from looking like a stereotypical "government lab", playing a key role in its design and architecture. It had a restored prairie which served as a home to a herd of American Bisons, ponds, and a main building purposely reminiscent of a cathedral in Beauvais, France. Fermilab's Central Laboratory building was later named Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall in his honor. Wilson served as the director of Fermilab until 1978, and then joined the faculty of the University of Chicago. In 1982 he became Michael I. Pupin Professor of Physics at Columbia University. He retired in 1984 and moved back to Ithaca. Wilson received many awards and honors, including the National Medal of Science in 1973, the Enrico Fermi Award in 1984, and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He was president of the American Physical Society in 1985. A metal sculpture created by Wilson sits in the lobby of the Harvard Cabot Science Center building. He died at the age of 85 at his home in Ithaca, New York after a prolonged illness in January 2000. He is buried at the 19th century Pioneer Cemetery on the Fermilab site.
- Robert Rathbun Wilson war ein US-amerikanischer Physiker. Er stammt aus Frontier, Wyoming, und kam als Scheidungskind mit acht Jahren zu seiner Großmutter in die Nähe von Chicago. Von 1932 bis 1938 studierte er an der University of California, Berkeley, Elektrotechnik. An der Universität Princeton, New Jersey, wo er als Physik-Dozent arbeitete, begegnete er Albert Einstein. Wilson entwickelte zwischen 1941 und 1943 das Isotron, ein Gerät zur Trennung von Uran-Isotopen. Die Isotopen-Trennung war ein wichtiger Schritt auf dem Weg zur Atombombe. Daher wurde er einer der jüngsten leitenden Mitarbeiter beim Manhattan Project in Los Alamos und war an der weiteren Entwicklung der amerikanischen Atombombe beteiligt. Er war Gründungsdirektor des Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), das er von 1967 bis 1978 leitete. Seinen Lebensabend verbrachte er in einem Altersheim in Ithaca, New York, wo er an einer Lungenentzündung verstarb.
- Fájl:Robert Wilson ID badge. png Robert Rathbun Wilson amerikai fizikus. A Manhattan-projektben ő volt a legfiatalabb csoportvezető. Később ő lett a Fermilab első igazgatója. 1967-től 1978-ig volt az igazgatói posztban. Ekkor hirtelen lemondott, mivel a szupravezetés kutatására ígért támogatások lassan érkeztek. Helyét Leon Lederman vette át.
- ロバート・ラスバン・ウィルソン（Robert Rathbun Wilson, 1914年3月4日 - 2000年1月16日）はアメリカ合衆国の物理学者。マンハッタン計画でグループリーダーを務め、フェルミ研究所を企画、建設した。1967年から1978年まで初代の所長を務めた。 ワイオミング州フロンティアに生まれた。1932年にカリフォルニア大学ベーカリー校のアーネスト・ローレンス放射研究所に加わったが、2度解雇された。その後ヘンリー・D・スミスのもとで働くためにプリンストン大学に移った。プリンストン大学ではアイソトロンを開発した。 1943年に始まったマンハッタン計画ではサイクロトン・グループのグループリーダーを務めた。20代後半のウィルソンは実験部門で最も若いグループリーダーであった。 1947年からコーネル大学の原子核研究所で働き、CESR（Cornell Electron-positron Storage Ring）を完成させた。1967年からフェルミ研究所の建設を主導し、1967年から1978年まで初代の所長を務めた。1978年からシカゴ大学、1982年からコロンビア大学の教授を務めた。 1973年にアメリカ国家科学賞、1984年にエンリコ・フェルミ賞を受賞した。1985年にアメリカ物理学会の会長を務めた。
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- Robert Rathbun Wilson (March 4, 1914 – January 16, 2000) was an American physicist who was a group leader of the Manhattan Project, a sculptor, and an architect of Fermi National Laboratory (Fermilab), where he was also the director from 1967–1978. Wilson was born in Frontier, Wyoming, in 1914. In 1932 he arrived at Ernest O.
- Robert Rathbun Wilson war ein US-amerikanischer Physiker. Er stammt aus Frontier, Wyoming, und kam als Scheidungskind mit acht Jahren zu seiner Großmutter in die Nähe von Chicago. Von 1932 bis 1938 studierte er an der University of California, Berkeley, Elektrotechnik. An der Universität Princeton, New Jersey, wo er als Physik-Dozent arbeitete, begegnete er Albert Einstein. Wilson entwickelte zwischen 1941 und 1943 das Isotron, ein Gerät zur Trennung von Uran-Isotopen.
- Fájl:Robert Wilson ID badge. png Robert Rathbun Wilson amerikai fizikus. A Manhattan-projektben ő volt a legfiatalabb csoportvezető. Később ő lett a Fermilab első igazgatója. 1967-től 1978-ig volt az igazgatói posztban. Ekkor hirtelen lemondott, mivel a szupravezetés kutatására ígért támogatások lassan érkeztek. Helyét Leon Lederman vette át.
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