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- Redshirts is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy, but sometimes extended to other campaigns of his. The name derived from the colour of their shirts (complete uniforms were beyond the finances of the Italian patriots). During his years of exile, Garibaldi was involved in a military action in Uruguay and spent time in private retirement in New York City. Both places have been claimed as the birthplace of the Garibaldian red shirt. The formation of his force of volunteers in Uruguay, his mastery of the techniques of guerilla warfare, his opposition to the Emperor of Brazil and Argentine territorial ambitions (perceived by liberals as also imperialist), and his victories in the battles of Cerro and Sant'Antonio in 1846 that assured the independence of Uruguay, made Garibaldi and his followers heroes in Italy and Europe. Garibaldi was later hailed as the "Hero of Two Worlds" on the basis of these exploits. In Uruguay, calling on the Italians of Montevideo, Garibaldi formed the Italian Legion in 1843. In later years it was claimed that in Uruguay the legion first sported the red shirts associated with Garibaldi's "Thousand", which were said to have been obtained from a factory in Montevideo which had intended to export them to the slaughter houses of Argentina. Red shirts sported by Argentinian butchers in the 1840s are not otherwise documented, however, and the famous camicie rosse did not appear during Garibaldi's efforts in Rome in 1849–50. Later, after the failure of the campaign for Rome, Garibaldi spent a few years, circa 1850–53, with the Italian patriot and inventor, Antonio Meucci, in a modest gothic frame house (now designated a New York City Landmark), on Staten Island, New York City, before sailing for Italy in 1853. There is a Garibaldi-Meucci museum on Staten Island. In New York, during the pre-Civil War era, rival companies of volunteer firemen were the great working-class heroes of the city. Their courage, their civic spirit and the lively comradeship they demonstrated inspired fanatic followers throughout New York, the original "Buffs". Volunteer fire companies varied in the completeness and details of their uniforms, but they all wore the red flannel shirt. When Garibaldi returned to Italy after his New York stay, the red shirts made their first appearance among his followers. Garibaldi remained a local hero among European immigrants back in New York. The "Garibaldi Guard" (39th New York State Volunteers) fought in the American Civil War, 1861–65. As part of their uniform they wore red woolen "Garibaldi Shirts"—at least all enlisted men did. The New York Tribune sized them up: The Redshirts gave inspiration to Mussolini to form the Fascist blackshirts units, and from there to Hitler's brownshirted Sturmabteilung (SA) units, as well as the quasi-fascist Irish Blueshirts under Eoin O'Duffy. It must be noted, however, that they had nothing to do with any proto-Fascist ideology; Garibaldi himself was a well known socialist, and his men were patriots of different political leanings, banded together in the name of national freedom and unity.
- Camisas rojas es el nombre que recibieron los voluntarios que siguieron a Giuseppe Garibaldi en el sur de Italia durante su Expedición de los Mil, pero en ocasiones el nombre se extiende a los voluntarios de otras campañas del revolucionario. El nombre deriva del color de las camisas que utilizaban para identificarse (los patriotas italinos no podían permitirse uniformes completos).
- Les chemises rouges (en italien Camicie rosse) sont des troupes de volontaires engagés, au XIX siècle, à la suite de Garibaldi pour la libération de territoires occupés par des puissances étrangères, ou pour l'unité de l'Italie.
- Garibaldi e i suoi volontari scelsero la camicia rossa, come loro segno distintivo, fin dal 1843, quando Garibaldi radunò 500 italiani volontari a Montevideo per difendere la Repubblica Uruguayana dal dittatore argentino Rosas che voleva conquistarla. Garibaldi, potendo contare su pochi finanziamenti per la sua impresa, trovò del panno di lana rosso, in genere usato per i camici dei macellai, per rivestire le sue truppe. Le camicie rosse divennero tra i protagonisti della nascita del Regno d'Italia
- 赤シャツ隊 (Camicie rosse) は、ガリバルディとその配下の兵からなる私設部隊を指す言葉で、直訳すると「赤いシャツ達」である。 1843年、ガリバルディはアルゼンチンの独裁者ロサスが征服しようとしていたウルグアイ共和国を守るためにモンテヴィデオに500人のイタリア人を義勇軍として集め、その頃からガリバルディと配下の義勇兵達は、赤いシャツを自らの目印として選択していた。 ガリバルディは、自らの会社用の僅かな資産が利用でき、肉屋が良く着ていたシャツであった赤い毛織物を見つけ、それらを彼の軍隊に着せた。 その後、赤いシャツはイタリア王国の誕生において主役となった。
- Os membros da Legião Italiana que defendeu Montevidéu contra Oribe e Rosas foram os primeiros “camisas vermelhas” - grupo de voluntários que posteriormente se tornaria o símbolo das forças comandadas por Garibaldi nas muitas campanhas pela unificação italiana. A Legião organizada e comandada por Giuseppe Garibaldi em 1843 foi essencial para evitar a queda de Montevidéu na Guerra Grande, no Uruguai. Durante o Risorgimento italiano, cerca de mil soldados voluntários que Giuseppi Garibbaldi comandou na expedição dos Mil a Sicilia em 1860, foram chamados grupo dos Mil ou cammisi russi.
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- Redshirts is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy, but sometimes extended to other campaigns of his. The name derived from the colour of their shirts (complete uniforms were beyond the finances of the Italian patriots). During his years of exile, Garibaldi was involved in a military action in Uruguay and spent time in private retirement in New York City.
- Camisas rojas es el nombre que recibieron los voluntarios que siguieron a Giuseppe Garibaldi en el sur de Italia durante su Expedición de los Mil, pero en ocasiones el nombre se extiende a los voluntarios de otras campañas del revolucionario. El nombre deriva del color de las camisas que utilizaban para identificarse (los patriotas italinos no podían permitirse uniformes completos).
- Les chemises rouges (en italien Camicie rosse) sont des troupes de volontaires engagés, au XIX siècle, à la suite de Garibaldi pour la libération de territoires occupés par des puissances étrangères, ou pour l'unité de l'Italie.
- Garibaldi e i suoi volontari scelsero la camicia rossa, come loro segno distintivo, fin dal 1843, quando Garibaldi radunò 500 italiani volontari a Montevideo per difendere la Repubblica Uruguayana dal dittatore argentino Rosas che voleva conquistarla. Garibaldi, potendo contare su pochi finanziamenti per la sua impresa, trovò del panno di lana rosso, in genere usato per i camici dei macellai, per rivestire le sue truppe.
- Os membros da Legião Italiana que defendeu Montevidéu contra Oribe e Rosas foram os primeiros “camisas vermelhas” - grupo de voluntários que posteriormente se tornaria o símbolo das forças comandadas por Garibaldi nas muitas campanhas pela unificação italiana. A Legião organizada e comandada por Giuseppe Garibaldi em 1843 foi essencial para evitar a queda de Montevidéu na Guerra Grande, no Uruguai.
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