| dbpprop:abstract
|
- Count Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy (1645–1729) was a Russian statesman prominent during and after the reign of Peter the Great. He was the ancestor of all the Counts Tolstoy, including the novelist Leo Tolstoy, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, (September 9, 1828 – November 20, 1910), although the Counts Tolstoy-Miloslavsky descend from his elder brother, Ivan. Pyotr Tolstoy, assumed by some to be an "okolnichi", while for other historians he came from a "boyar" background, socially speaking, served in 1682 as Chamberlain at the court of childless Tsar Feodor III Alekseevich, Tsar 1676–1682. On account of his family relationship with the Miloslavsky family, he miscalculated the strength of the tsarevna Sophia Alekseyevna, (September 17, 1657 – regent of Russia – July 3, 1704), full sister of Feodor III and third daughter, also, of Tsar Alexei I of Russia by his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya and became one of her most energetic supporters, but contrived to join the other, and winning, side just before the final catastrophe. For a long time Peter, the second male son of the children begotten from the second marriage of Tsar Alexei I of Russia with Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, and half brother therefore of childless Tsar Feodor III and temporary regent of Russia, Sophia, kept his latest recruit at arm's length; but when, in 1697, Tolstoy volunteered to go to Venice to learn Italian and ship-building, Peter could not resist the subtle flattery implied in such a proposal from a middle-aged Muscovite noble. In November 1701, Tolstoy was appointed the first regularly accredited Russian ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, known as The Porte, and more than justified the confidence of the most exacting of masters. Even before Poltava, Tolstoy had the greatest difficulty in preventing the Turks from aiding the Swedes, and when Charles XII took refuge on Turkish soil he instantly demanded his extradition. This was a diplomatic blunder, as it only irritated the already alarmed Turks; and on October 10, 1710 Tolstoy was thrown into the Seven Towers, a proceeding tantamount to a declaration of war against Russia. On his release, in 1714, he returned to Russia, was created a senator, and closely associated himself with the omnipotent favorite, Aleksandr Menshikov. In 1717, his position during Peter's reign was secured once for all by his successful mission to Naples to bring back the unfortunate tsarevich Alexius, Alexei Petrovich, (February 28, 1690 – by dead punishment authorized by 126 members of the equivalent of the Russian Duma following the wishes of his father, July 7, 1718, aged 28), the son of Tsar Peter I whom he may be said to have literally hunted to death. Unfortunate tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, a widower since 1715, at the age of 25, had been the husband of Saxony princess Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, (August 29, 1694, Brunswick – November 2, 1715, Saint Petersburg, Russia, aged 21). It happened then that Charlotte Christine father, was thus not only the father in law of the Russian tsarevich, but also the father in law of the now Emperor of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI of Austria, (October 1, 1685 – October 20, 1740, aged 55), the would be supposed King of the mighty Spanish Empire during the Spanish Succession War, a European War involving several of the most politically significant West European Powers. . The marriage of tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in Torgau, Poland, without the permission of his father, Tsar Peter I, was thought, apparently an unwilling father in law to the Saxon Princess, to be a trahison to Russia, soon to be punished by death on his son. Nevertheless, Tsar Peter II of Russia, (October 23, 1715 – an orphan from his 21 years old mother on November 2, 1715 – January 30, 1730), Peter Alexeyvich, the Russian-Saxon grandson of Peter I, would be also a Tsar for about 3 years, albeit he managed to live only till the age of 15. For this, Tolstoy earned the undying hatred of the majority of the Russian people; but Tsar Peter I naturally regarded it as an inestimable service and loaded Tolstoy with honors and riches, appointing him, moreover, the head of the Secret Chancellery, or official torture chamber, a post for which Tolstoy, nearly 80 years old by then, was by nature eminently fitted, as his vigorous prosecution of the Mons Affair (1724) made clear. He materially assisted Aleksandr Menshikov to raise the empress consort, to become Catherine I, (deceased less than 2 year later in 1727), to the throne on the decease of Peter in 1725, and the new sovereign made him a count and one of the six members of the newly instituted Supreme Privy Council (Верховный тайный совет). Tolstoy was well aware that the elevation of the grand duke Peter II, son of the tsarevich Alexius, grandson of Piotr I would put an end to his own career and endanger his whole family. . Tsar Peter II Alexeyvich, here above, was the son of tsarevich Alexis Petrovich "Romanov", executed at age 28, the widower at 25 of German Princess Charlotte Christine, sister in law of Emperor Charles VI of Austria, would be king Charles III Habsburg of Spain, defeated in the Spanish Succession War however, before 1713. Peter II, grandson of Peter I of Russia, was Tsar of Russia aged 12, for 3 years, and died aged 15. One of the next "Bourbon" Kings of Imperial Spain would be called Charles III of Spain, from a "winning Bourbon" father and a "Farnesio" woman to take thus out all traces or remembrances of the later Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI of Austria former battles for succession in Spain. Therefore, when Menshikov, during the last days of Catherine I, declared in favor of Peter, Tolstoy endeavoured to form a party of his own whose object it was to promote the accession of Catherine's second daughter, the tsarevna Elizabeth. But Menshikov was too strong and too quick for his ancient colleague. On the very day of Empress Catherine I death (May 11, 1727), Tolstoy, now in his 82nd year, was banished to the Solovetsky Monastery in the White Sea, where he died two years later. Pyotr Tolstoy is the author of a sketch of the impressions made upon him by Western Europe during his tour in the years 1697–1698 and also of a detailed description of the Black Sea.
- Pjotr Andrejewitsch Tolstoi (russ. Пётр Андреевич Толстой, wiss. Transliteration Pëtr Andreevič Tolstoj, deutsch auch Peter Andrejewitsch Tolstoi; * um 1646; † 1728) war ein russischer Politiker aus dem Adelsgeschlecht Tolstoi. Pjotr Andrejewitsch Tolstoi entstammte dem russischen Adel und war, gemeinsam mit seinem Bruder Johannes, Berater der Zarin Sofia Alexejewna. Obwohl er Vater mehrerer Kinder war, wurde er von Peter dem Großen mit jungen Adeligen zum Studium nach Italien gesandt und anschließend (1701) Botschafter in der Türkei, wo er im Krieg zwischen Russland und dieser zweimal inhaftiert wurde. Als Gesandter drängte er ebendort 1710 wiederholt auf eine Ausweisung Karls XII. , welche letztlich erfolgte. Als im selben Jahr der Krieg zwischen Russland und der Türkei ausbrach, wurde Tolstoi zum zweiten Mal verhaftet und im Kastell Jedi Kule festgesetzt. Nachdem er im Zuge des Friedensvertrages 1714 freigelassen worden war, begleitete er Peter den Großen 1717 nach Paris und verhandelte dort mit Marschall d´Uxelles. Im selben Jahr verfolgte er den flüchtigen Sohn des Zaren, Alexei. Zusammen mit dem Gardehauptmann Rumjanzew erhielt er vom Kaiser in Wien, in dessen Herrschaftsbereich Alexei geflohen war, die Erlaubnis, diesen in Neapel zu treffen. Vorher gab er dem Kaiser die Zusage, dass der Zar seinem Sohn verzeihen werde. Da Alexei halsstarrig eine Rückkehr nach Russland verweigerte, bestach er den Sekretär des Vizekönigs von Neapel, auf dessen Rat Alexei hörte und womöglich auch Alexeis Geliebte Afrosinja, damit diese den Zarewitsch zum Nachgeben bewegten. Schließlich wirkte die Drohung, dass der Zar persönlich in Italien auftauchen werde und Alexei reiste mit seinen Begleitern zurück nach Russland. In Riga verließ ihn Tolstoi, um dem Zaren Bericht zu erstatten. Später beteiligte er sich an dem Verhör des Zarensohns, wobei er ihm zahlreiche Unwahrheiten unterschob. Nachdem Alexei zum Tode verurteilt wurde, starb er vor der Hinrichtung. Nach einer Rumjanzew zugeschriebenen Version der Ereignisse sollen Tolstoi, Buturlin, Uschakow und er selbst den Sohn des Zaren erstickt haben, was allerdings sehr unwahrscheinlich ist. Jedenfalls erhielt Tolstoi nach dem Tode Alexeis den Grafentitel und wurde Minister, wobei er sich als geschickt und bestechlich erwies. Auf Betreiben Menschikows wurde Tolstoi von Katharina I. in ein Kloster verbannt, wo er 1728 starb. Tolstoi kann als intelligenter, aber intriganter Politiker angesehen werden, der jedoch Erfolge vorweisen konnte.
- Consigliere di Pietro il Grande, effettuò negli anni 1697-99, per incarico dello zar, una missione in Italia, allo scopo di studiarvi i sistemi e le strategie della difesa marittima contro la pirateria ottomana e barbaresca. Dal 1701 al 1714 visse da ambasciatore a Costantinopoli, accreditando presso il Governo della Sublime Porta la politica balcanica del suo Paese. Dopo un viaggio (1716-17) al seguito dello zar in Olanda, in Francia e in Germania, fu nominato (1718) capo della Cancelleria Segreta e successivamente capo del Consiglio Supremo Segreto (1726); ma alla morte di Pietro il Grande, per effetto delle manovre dell'aristocrazia di corte a lui avversa, venne esiliato (1727) in un monastero sul Mar Bianco, dove visse infelicemente gli ultimi anni.
- Файл:Tolstoy peter. jpg Граф Пётр Андреевич Толстой Пётр Андреевич Толстой — государственный деятель и дипломат, сподвижник Петра Великого, один из руководителей его секретной службы (Преображенского приказа и Тайной канцелярии). Получив титул графа, стал основателем рода графов Толстых. Его прямыми потомками являются писатели Алексей Константинович, Лев Николаевич, Алексей Николаевич и Татьяна Никитична Толстые, художник Фёдор Петрович Толстой и многие другие знаменитые деятели.
|
![[RDF Data]](/statics/sw-cube.png)
