Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene, M.D. was a Russian-American biochemist who studied the structure and function of nucleic acids. He characterized the different forms of nucleic acid, DNA from RNA, and found that DNA contained adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. He was born into a Jewish family as Fishel Aaronovich Levin in Sagor in Lithuania, Russia but grew up in St. Petersburg (Petrograd).

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  • Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene, M.D. was a Russian-American biochemist who studied the structure and function of nucleic acids. He characterized the different forms of nucleic acid, DNA from RNA, and found that DNA contained adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. He was born into a Jewish family as Fishel Aaronovich Levin in Sagor in Lithuania, Russia but grew up in St. Petersburg (Petrograd). There he studied medicine at the Imperial Military Medical Academy (M.D. , 1891) and developed an interest in biochemistry. In 1893, because of anti-Semitic pogroms, he and his family emigrated to the United States and he practiced medicine in New York. Levene enrolled at Columbia University and in his spare time conducted biochemical research, publishing papers on the chemical structure of sugars. In 1896 he was appointed as an Associate in the Pathological Institute of the New York State Hospitals, but he had to take time off to recuperate from tuberculosis. During this period, he worked with several chemists, including Albrecht Kossel and Emil Fischer, who were the experts in proteins. In 1905, Levene was appointed as head of the biochemical laboratory at the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. He spent the rest of his career at this institute, and it was there that he identified the components of DNA. (He had discovered ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929. ) Not only did Levene identify the components of DNA, he also showed that the components were linked together in the order phosphate-sugar-base to form units. He called each of these units a nucleotide, and stated that the DNA molecule consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups, which are the 'backbone' of the molecule. His ideas about the structure of DNA were wrong; he thought there were only four nucleotides per molecule. He even declared that it could not store the genetic code because it was chemically far too simple. However, his work was a key basis for the later work that determined the structure of DNA. Levene published over 700 original papers and articles on biochemical structures. Levene died in 1940, before the true significance of DNA became clear. Levene is known for his "tetranucleotide hypothesis" (formulated around 1910) which first proposed that DNA was made up of equal amounts of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Before the later work of Erwin Chargaff, it was widely thought that DNA was organized into repeating "tetranucleotides" in a way that could not carry genetic information. Instead, the protein component of chromosomes was thought to be the basis of heredity; most research on the physical nature of the gene focused on proteins, and particularly enzymes and viruses, before the 1940s.
  • Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene war ein litauischer Biochemiker.
  • Levene studiò lungamente il DNA e scoprì che esso contiene adenina, guanina, timina, citosina, deossiribosio ed un gruppo fosfato.
  • Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene (ur. 25 lutego 1869 w Sagor koło Korelicz, zm. 6 września 1940 w Nowym Jorku) – rosyjsko-amerykański biochemik, jeden z pierwszych badaczy kwasów nukleinowych. Zróżnicował kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy i rybonukleinowy, jako pierwszy wykazał obecność reszt cytozyny, guaniny, adeniny i tyminy w kwasach nukleinowych.
  • Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene, Litvanya asıllı ABD'li biyokimyacı.
  • 菲巴斯·利文（Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene，1869年2月25日－1940年9月6日）是一位出生於俄羅斯的美國生物化學家，首先分析出DNA含有的四種鹼基與磷酸基團。他在1891年獲得醫學博士學位，1893年移居美國。 菲巴斯·利文曾提出「四核苷酸學說」（tetranucleotide hypothesis），認為DNA是由等量的各種鹼基所組成的四連環，但後來的研究顯示，帶有遺傳訊息的DNA並非以此結構存在。
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  • Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene, M.D. was a Russian-American biochemist who studied the structure and function of nucleic acids. He characterized the different forms of nucleic acid, DNA from RNA, and found that DNA contained adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. He was born into a Jewish family as Fishel Aaronovich Levin in Sagor in Lithuania, Russia but grew up in St. Petersburg (Petrograd).
  • Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene war ein litauischer Biochemiker.
  • Levene studiò lungamente il DNA e scoprì che esso contiene adenina, guanina, timina, citosina, deossiribosio ed un gruppo fosfato.
  • Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene (ur. 25 lutego 1869 w Sagor koło Korelicz, zm. 6 września 1940 w Nowym Jorku) – rosyjsko-amerykański biochemik, jeden z pierwszych badaczy kwasów nukleinowych. Zróżnicował kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy i rybonukleinowy, jako pierwszy wykazał obecność reszt cytozyny, guaniny, adeniny i tyminy w kwasach nukleinowych.
  • Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene, Litvanya asıllı ABD'li biyokimyacı.
  • 菲巴斯·利文（Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene，1869年2月25日－1940年9月6日）是一位出生於俄羅斯的美國生物化學家，首先分析出DNA含有的四種鹼基與磷酸基團。他在1891年獲得醫學博士學位，1893年移居美國。 菲巴斯·利文曾提出「四核苷酸學說」（tetranucleotide hypothesis），認為DNA是由等量的各種鹼基所組成的四連環，但後來的研究顯示，帶有遺傳訊息的DNA並非以此結構存在。
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  • Phoebus Levene
  • Phoebus Levene
  • Phoebus Levene
  • Phoebus Levene
  • Phoebus Levene
  • 菲巴斯·利文
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