Generalleutnant Otto Liman von Sanders was a German general who served as adviser and military commander for the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He was born in Stolp in Pomerania. His father was a Prussian nobleman. Like many other Prussians from aristocratic families, he joined the military and rose through the ranks to Lieutenant General. Like several Prussian generals before him, he was appointed the head of a German military mission to the Ottoman Empire in 1913.

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  • Generalleutnant Otto Liman von Sanders was a German general who served as adviser and military commander for the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He was born in Stolp in Pomerania. His father was a Prussian nobleman. Like many other Prussians from aristocratic families, he joined the military and rose through the ranks to Lieutenant General. Like several Prussian generals before him, he was appointed the head of a German military mission to the Ottoman Empire in 1913. For nearly eighty years, the Ottoman Empire had been trying to modernize their army along European lines. Liman von Sanders would be the last German to attempt this task. Initially Liman formed a very low opinion of the Ottoman army and its political leadership. In July 1914 (with the war about to start), Enver Pasha offered an alliance, of a sort, with Germany. The German ambassador in Istanbul, Hans von Wangenheim, after consulting with Liman von Sanders, refused Enver's offer. The analysis was that the Ottoman army was weak, the government had little money to spend, and the leadership was incompetent. However, on 1 August 1914 the Germans and the Ottoman government did sign a secret treaty of alliance; included in the provisions of the treaty was that the German military mission would wield "effective influence" over the military operations of the Ottoman armies. At first, this influence was nearly zero. But when Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha both suffered defeats, the German military mission took increasing control over the Ottoman armies. When the Ottoman forces finally entered the war (after trying to avoid open conflict with the Alliance for two months), Enver Pasha showed Liman his grand scheme to destroy the Russian army defending Kars. Liman tried to dissuade Enver from implementing the plan, but his advice was ignored and Enver Pasha personally led the Ottoman army into its worst defeat of World War I at the Battle of Sarikamis. Cemal Pasha was given the task of attacking the Suez Canal; his personal military advisor was the German Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein. The attack on the Suez also failed, although without enormous losses. A shaken Enver Pasha returned to Istanbul and took command of the Ottoman army in the area around the capital. However immediately after a huge British and French fleet destroyed the Ottoman forts along the Dardanelles, Enver turned over command to Liman von Sanders. Defending the Ottoman government was now in the hands of the German general. Liman had little time to organize the defences, but he had two things in his favor. First, the Ottoman 5th Army was the best army they had, some 84,000 well-equipped soldiers in six divisions. Second, he was helped by poor Allied leadership. Instead of using their massive fleet to force a passage through the straits to Istanbul, the British and French admirals called for ground troops to capture the Dardanelles peninsula so their battleships could sail on into the Sea of Marmara unmolested. Liman had just over a month to prepare. Then, on 23 April 1915, the British landed a major force at Cape Helles. One of Liman's best decisions during this time was to promote Mustafa Kemal (later known as Atatürk) to commander of the 19th division. Kemal's division literally saved the day for the Ottomans. His troops marched up on the day of the invasion and occupied the ridge line above the ANZAC landing site, just as the ANZAC troops were moving up the slope themselves. Kemal recognized the danger and personally made sure his troops held the ridge line. They were never forced off despite constant attacks for the next five months. From April to November 1915 (when the decision to evacuate was made), Liman had to fight off numerous attacks against his defensive positions. The British tried another landing at Suvla Bay, but this also was halted by the Ottoman defenders. The only bright spot for the British in this entire operation was that they managed to evacuate their positions without much loss. However, this battle was a major victory for the Ottoman army and some of the credit is given to the generalship of Liman von Sanders. Early in 1915, the previous head of the German military mission to the Ottoman Empire, Baron von der Goltz arrived in Istanbul as military advisor to the (essentially powerless) Sultan, Mehmed V. The old Baron did not get along with Liman von Sanders and did not like the three Pashas who ran the Ottoman Empire during the war. The Baron proposed some major offensives against the British, but these proposals came to nothing in the face of Allied offensives against the Ottomans on three fronts (the Dardanelles, the Caucusus Front, and the newly opened Mesopotamian Front). Liman was rid of the old Baron when Enver Pasha sent him to fight the British in Mesopotamia in October 1915. (Goltz died there six months later just before the British army at Kut surrendered). In 1918, the last year of the war, Liman von Sanders took over command of the Ottoman army in Palestine, replacing the German General Erich von Falkenhayn who had been defeated by British General Allenby at the end of 1917. Liman was hampered by the significant decline in power of the Ottoman army. His forces were unable to do anything more than occupy defensive positions and wait for the British attack. The attack was a long time in coming, but when General Allenby finally unleashed his army, the entire Ottoman army was destroyed in a week of fighting. In the rout, Liman was nearly captured by British soldiers. After the war ended he was arrested in Malta in February 1919 on charges of having committed war crimes, but he was released six months later. He retired from the German army that year. In 1927 he published a book he had written in captivity in Malta about his experiences before and during the war (there is an English translation). Two years later Otto Liman von Sanders died in Munich at the age of seventy-four.
  • Otto Viktor Karl Liman von Sanders war ein deutscher General und türkischer Marschall.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders fue un general prusiano que sirvió en el Ejército Alemán y como asesor militar en el Imperio Otomano durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. Von Sanders nació en la ciudad pomerana de Stolp en el seno de una familia noble, y como era usual entre los hombres de su clase se unió al ejército muy pronto, donde ascendió con bastante rapidez y llegó al rango de teniente general sin haber comandado tropas en una batalla. En 1913 fue nombrado jefe de la última misión alemana que partió al Imperio Otomano con el fin de ayudar al Ejército Turco en su modernización y adiestramiento en las tácticas militares europeas, algo que la administración otomana había tratado de hacer con desiguales resultados durante los últimos ochenta años. Al igual que en épocas anteriores, los mayores problemas de los turcos residían en el control de los mandos militares por las clases altas (no siempre muy capaces), las disputas internas entre los suboficiales y el deficitario desarrollo de las infraestructuras y comunicaciones dentro del Imperio, que le restaban especial movilidad a sus tropas.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders est un général allemand né le 17 février 1855 à Stolp et décédé le 22 août 1929 à Munich. Il est connu pour être le conseiller et le commandant militaire de l'empire ottoman pendant la Première Guerre Mondiale.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders német tábornok, az első világháború alatt az Oszmán Birodalom katonai tanácsadója és az oszmán hadsereg parancsnoka. Katonai karrierje 1874-ben kezdődött. 1913-ban az Oszmán Birdalomba küldött német tisztek vezetőjének jelölték ki, a küldetése célja az oszmán hadsereg megreformálása volt. Az első világháború kezdetén katonai tanácsadóként is közreműködött, de javaslatait Enver pasa rendre figyelmen kívül hagyta, így például az ifjútörök vezetés grandiózus – és később tragédiába torkolló – kaukázusi hadjáratát is ellenezte. Több vesztes csata után Enver 1915. márciusában átadta a hadsereg parancsnokságát von Sandersnek, így ő szervezhette meg a Dardanellák védelmét. Amikor az ANZAC-erők 1915. április 23-án partra szálltak Gallipolinál, Liman von Sanders a 19. hadosztály parancsnokául Musztafa Kemal oszmán katonatisztet, a későbbi, Atatürk néven ismert török államalapítót nevezte ki, aki sikeresen tartotta a pozícióját a szövetségesekkel szemben. Von Sanders később, 1918-ban a palesztin hadjárat parancsnoka lett, amelyben Megiddónál vereséget szenvedett az angoloktól. A háború végeztével, 1919 februárjában Málta szigetén letartóztatták és háborús bűnökkel vád alá helyezték, hat hónappal később felmentették. Ezt követően von Sanders visszavonult a katonai pályáról, 1927-ben Five Years in Turkey címmel könyvet írt tapasztalatairól. Két évvel később halt meg München városában.
  • Otto Liman Von Sanders apparteneva ad una nobile famiglia prussiana della Pomerania. Come molti altri prussiani di famiglia aristocratica Liman Von Sanders entrò nell'esercito, dove raggiunse il grado di tenente generale.
  • ファイル:Otto Liman Von Sanders. jpg オットー・リーマン・フォン・ザンデルス オットー・リーマン・フォン・ザンデルス（Otto Liman von Sanders, 1855年2月17日 - 1929年8月22日）は、ドイツ、トルコの軍人。騎兵大将、トルコ軍元帥。 プロイセン王国領シュトルプ（現ポーランド領 Słupsk ）出身。1874年3月、第115歩兵連隊に入隊し、1879年から第23竜騎兵連隊で勤務。1881年、軍事アカデミーで教育を受ける。1886年から第21騎兵旅団副官。1887年から参謀本部に勤務し、1891年から第20竜騎兵連隊中隊長、1893年から第22師団の参謀。1900年から第6軽騎兵連隊長、1906年から第15騎兵旅団長。1908年から第4騎兵監察部監察官、1911年から第22師団長。1913年12月、在トルコ軍事使節団長となり、トルコ軍の再編を指導した。 第一次世界大戦勃発と共に、トルコ最高司令部附属全権代表。同時にイスタンブールに駐屯する第1軍団の指揮を委任されたが、ロシア外務省の抗議により、外交危機を引き起こした。1915年1月からトルコ陸軍総監。トルコ参戦後、トルコ第1軍司令官となり、黒海沿岸の防衛のために小アジアに展開した。その後、トルコ第2軍司令官。 1915年3月末、リーマンの指揮下、黒海沿岸にトルコ第5軍（5個歩兵師団、6万人）が編成され、1915年2月～1916年1月のダーダネルス防衛で活躍した。1915年8月、リーマンの部隊（14個師団）は、ガリポリに上陸した英仏連合軍の攻勢を停滞させ、撤収を余儀なくさせた。ガリポリでの勝利後、リーマンは「東のヒンデンブルク」と賞賛された。作戦終了後、リーマンは海峡地区に留まり、イズミルに3万6千人、デンジリに3万人、ディナルに3万人を管轄した。1916年1月10日、柏葉付プール・ル・メリット勲章を授与された。 1918年2月、エーリッヒ・フォン・ファルケンハイン 将軍の代わりに、パレスチナのF軍集団（別名「稲妻」部隊）司令官に就任。F軍集団には、第4軍（アフメト・ジェマル・パシャ）、第7軍（ムスタファ・ケマル・パシャ）、第8軍（ジェヴァード・パシャ）の計3万4千人が存在した。後に、第2軍（ニハド・パシャ）も編入された。1918年2月末～3月初めに攻勢を計画したが、戦力不足だった。2月21日、イギリス軍はイエリホンを占領。トルコ軍の崩壊が始まると、エドムンド・アレンビー 将軍指揮下のイギリス軍はパレスチナ作戦を開始し、10月1日にダマスカス、6日にベイルート、26日にアレッポを奪取し、パレスチナとシリアの大部分を占領した。軍集団は撃破され、将兵の大部分（7万5千人）が捕虜となった。10月5日、トルコ政府は連合国に和平を要請し、10月31日、停戦が成立した。 1918年10月31日、リーマンはムスタファ・ケマル・パシャに指揮権を移譲したが、公式には1919年3月17日まで司令官だった。 戦後、退役。
  • Otto Liman von Sanders var en prøyssisk og tysk general, mest kjent for sin rolle som rådgiver og militær kommandant for Tysklands allierte, Det osmanske riket under første verdenskrig. Særlig var von Sanders ansvarlig og delaktig i å stoppe den britisk-franske ekspedisjonsstyrken under Slaget ved Gallipoli.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders, niemiecki generał, dowódca wojsk niemieckich i tureckich podczas I wojny światowej. Zwycięzca spod Gallipoli. Od najmłodszych lat przeznaczony do służby wojskowej. W armii niemieckiej służył od 1874 wykonując m. in. zadania sztabowe i dowodząc dywizją. Pełniąc różne funkcje w armii niemieckiej szybko awansował. W 1913 jako generał-porucznik uczestnik i szef niemieckiej misji wojskowej w Imperium Osmańskim. Reformator armii tureckiej. W czasie I wojny światowej jeden z dowódców wojsk tureckich. Początkowo dowodził 1 Armią, a następnie od marca 1915 5 Armią turecką. W 1915 wsławił się zwycięstwem nad siłami Ententy w bitwie o Gallipoli. W 1918 uczestnik walk z wojskami brytyjskimi o Palestynę i Syrię. Po zakończeniu wojny pojmany przez Brytyjczyków,którzy oskarżali go o przestępstwa wojenne. Zwolniony w sierpniu 1919. Pomagał powrócić do kraju niemieckim żołnierzom walczącym w Turcji.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders foi um tenente-general alemão que serviu como conselheiro militar do Império Otomano durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial.
  • Отто Лиман фон Сандерс (нем. Otto Liman von Sanders) германский генерал, военный советник в Османской империи во время Первой мировой войны.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders, Prusya Krallığı, Alman İmparatorluğu ve Osmanlı Devleti'nin askeri. 17 Şubat 1855'te Stolp'da doğdu. 1874'te Essen muhafız birliğinde subaylığa başladı. 1877 yılında Darmstadt'ta Amelie von Sanders ile evlendi ve von Sanders soy ismini eşinden almıştır. 1911'de generallığa yükseldi. Çanakkale'yi savunan Osmanlı 5. Ordu Komutanı Mareşal Liman von Sanders Osmanlı Devleti'ndeki Alman Danışma Kurulu Başkanıydı. 22 Ağustos 1929'da Münih'te 74 yaşında öldü. Darmstadt'ta eşi Amelie von Sanders'in yanında defnedilmiştir. Mezarı'nın yeri Darmstadt Alter Friedhof'da 2 N 28 numaradadır. Gerek Alman İmparatorluğu'nda gerek Osmanlı Devleti'nde kazandığı zaferlerle o dönemin Alman Haç Madalyası ve Osmanlı Takkaresini almıştır.
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  • Generalleutnant Otto Liman von Sanders was a German general who served as adviser and military commander for the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He was born in Stolp in Pomerania. His father was a Prussian nobleman. Like many other Prussians from aristocratic families, he joined the military and rose through the ranks to Lieutenant General. Like several Prussian generals before him, he was appointed the head of a German military mission to the Ottoman Empire in 1913.
  • Otto Viktor Karl Liman von Sanders war ein deutscher General und türkischer Marschall.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders fue un general prusiano que sirvió en el Ejército Alemán y como asesor militar en el Imperio Otomano durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. Von Sanders nació en la ciudad pomerana de Stolp en el seno de una familia noble, y como era usual entre los hombres de su clase se unió al ejército muy pronto, donde ascendió con bastante rapidez y llegó al rango de teniente general sin haber comandado tropas en una batalla.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders est un général allemand né le 17 février 1855 à Stolp et décédé le 22 août 1929 à Munich. Il est connu pour être le conseiller et le commandant militaire de l'empire ottoman pendant la Première Guerre Mondiale.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders német tábornok, az első világháború alatt az Oszmán Birodalom katonai tanácsadója és az oszmán hadsereg parancsnoka. Katonai karrierje 1874-ben kezdődött. 1913-ban az Oszmán Birdalomba küldött német tisztek vezetőjének jelölték ki, a küldetése célja az oszmán hadsereg megreformálása volt.
  • Otto Liman Von Sanders apparteneva ad una nobile famiglia prussiana della Pomerania. Come molti altri prussiani di famiglia aristocratica Liman Von Sanders entrò nell'esercito, dove raggiunse il grado di tenente generale.
  • ファイル:Otto Liman Von Sanders.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders var en prøyssisk og tysk general, mest kjent for sin rolle som rådgiver og militær kommandant for Tysklands allierte, Det osmanske riket under første verdenskrig. Særlig var von Sanders ansvarlig og delaktig i å stoppe den britisk-franske ekspedisjonsstyrken under Slaget ved Gallipoli.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders, niemiecki generał, dowódca wojsk niemieckich i tureckich podczas I wojny światowej. Zwycięzca spod Gallipoli. Od najmłodszych lat przeznaczony do służby wojskowej. W armii niemieckiej służył od 1874 wykonując m. in. zadania sztabowe i dowodząc dywizją. Pełniąc różne funkcje w armii niemieckiej szybko awansował. W 1913 jako generał-porucznik uczestnik i szef niemieckiej misji wojskowej w Imperium Osmańskim. Reformator armii tureckiej.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders foi um tenente-general alemão que serviu como conselheiro militar do Império Otomano durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial.
  • Отто Лиман фон Сандерс (нем. Otto Liman von Sanders) германский генерал, военный советник в Османской империи во время Первой мировой войны.
  • Otto Liman von Sanders, Prusya Krallığı, Alman İmparatorluğu ve Osmanlı Devleti'nin askeri. 17 Şubat 1855'te Stolp'da doğdu. 1874'te Essen muhafız birliğinde subaylığa başladı. 1877 yılında Darmstadt'ta Amelie von Sanders ile evlendi ve von Sanders soy ismini eşinden almıştır. 1911'de generallığa yükseldi. Çanakkale'yi savunan Osmanlı 5. Ordu Komutanı Mareşal Liman von Sanders Osmanlı Devleti'ndeki Alman Danışma Kurulu Başkanıydı.
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