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- Organicism is a philosophical orientation that asserts that reality is best understood as an organic whole. By definition it is close to holism. Plato, Hobbes or Constantin Brunner are examples of such philosophical thought. Organicism is also a biological doctrine that stresses the organization, rather than the composition, of organisms. William Emerson Ritter coined the term in 1919. Organicism became well-accepted in the 20th century. Examples of 20th century biologists who were organicists are Ross Harrison, Paul Weiss, and Joseph Needham. Donna Haraway discusses them in her first book. John Scott Haldane, R. S. Lillie, W. E. Agar, and Ludwig von Bertalanffy are other early twentieth century organicists. Organicism as a doctrine rejects mechanism and reductionism (doctrines that claim that the smallest parts by themselves explain the behavior of larger organized systems of which they are a part). However, organicism also rejects vitalism, the doctrine that there is a vital force different from physical forces that accounts for living things. A number of biologists in the early to mid-twentieth century embraced organicism. They wished to reject earlier vitalisms but to stress that whole organism biology was not fully explainable by atomic mechanism. The larger organization of an organic system has features that must be taken into account to explain its behavior. Gilbert and Sarkar distinguish organicism from holism to avoid what they see as the vitalistic of spritualistic connotations of holism. Dusek notes that holism contains a continuum of degrees of the top-down control of organization, ranging from monism (the doctrine that the only complete object is the whole universe, or that there is only one entity, the universe, to organicism, which allows relatively more independence of the parts from the whole, despite the whole being more than the sum of the parts, and/or the whole exerting some control on the behavior of the parts. Still more independence is present in relational holism. This doctrine does not assert top-down control of the whole over its parts, but does claim that the relations of the parts are essential to explanation of behavior of the system. Aristotle and early modern philosophers and scientists tended to describe reality as made of substances and their qualities, and to neglect relations. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz showed the bizarre conclusions to which a doctrine of the non-existence of relations led. Twentieth century philosophy has been characterized by the introduction of and emphasis on the importance of relations,whether in symbolic logic, in phenomenology, or in metaphysics. William Wimsatt has suggested that the number of terms in the relations considered distinguishes reductionism from holism. Reductionistic explanations claim that two or at most three term relations are sufficient to account for the system's behavior. At the other extreme the system could be considered as a single ten to the twenty-sixth term relation, for instance. Organicism has some intellectually and politically controversial or suspect associations. "Holism," the doctrine that the whole is more than the sum of its parts, often used synonymously with organicism, or as a broader category under which organicism falls, has been coopted in recent decades by "holistic medicine" and by New Age Thought. German Nazism appealed to organicist and holistic doctrines, discrediting for many in retrospect, the original organicist doctrines. . Soviet Dialectical Materialism also made appeals to an holistic and organicist approach stemming from Hegel via Karl Marx's co-worker Friedrich Engels, again giving a controversial political association to organicism. Organicism' has also been used to characterize notions put forth by various late 19th-century social scientists who considered human society to be analogous to an organism, and individual humans to be analogous to the cells of an organism. This sort of organicist sociology was articulated by Alfred Espinas, Paul von Lilienfeld, Jacques Novicow, Albert Schäffle, Herbert Spencer, and René Worms, among others .
- Als Organizismus oder biologischen Holismus bezeichnet man die These, dass sich viele biologische Fragen nur beantworten lassen, wenn man den gesamten Organismus untersucht. Der Organizismus steht somit einem biologischen Reduktionismus gegenüber, der biologische Makrophänomene generell auf biologische Mikrophänomene zurückführen will. Ernst Mayr beschreibt den Organizismus wie folgt: „Zusammenfassend kann man den Organizismus am besten als eine doppelte Überzeugung beschreiben: Zum einen ist es wichtig, den Organismus als Ganzes zu betrachten. Zum anderen ist Ganzheit nicht mysteriös der Analyse verschlossen, sollte jedoch auf der richtigen Analyseebene studiert werden. “
- L'organicisme est une orientation philosophique qui affirme que la réalité est mieux comprise comme un tout organique. Par définition, il est proche de holisme, et le terme d'organicisme est préféré en ce qui concerne la biologie. Platon, Thomas Hobbes ou Constantin Brunner sont des exemples de cette pensée philosophique. L'organicisme est également une doctrine biologique qui met l'accent sur l'organisation, plutôt que de la composition, des organismes. William Emerson Ritter a inventé le terme en 1919. Il est devenu bien accepté au XX siècle. L'organicisme a également été utilisé pour caractériser les notions présentées par en sciences sociales considérant la société humaine à être analogue à un organisme, et les humains à être analogue aux cellules d'un organisme. Ce type organiciste de la sociologie a été articulé par Alfred Espinas, Paul von Lilienfeld, Jacques Novicow, Albert Schäffle, Herbert Spencer, et René Worms, entre autres
- Si definisce organicismo ogni dottrina filosofica, politica o sociologica che interpreti il mondo, la natura o la società in analogia ad un organismo vivente. Nell'ambito della filosofia politica e della sociologia l'organicismo teorizza che la società sia basata, oppure suggerisce debba basarsi, sul modello di un organismo vivente, ove i singoli rappresentano le cellule e gli ordini gerarchici di società, aziende, imprese e governi, siano tessuti, organi e apparati in relazione di interdipendenza fra di loro e quindi senza singole autonomie. La visione organicistica si contrappone alla visione individualistica che considera la societa come il risultato combinato, ma non coordinato e diretto, delle azioni dell'insieme di indiviui indipendenti. L'organicismo ispira alcuni modelli di governo autocratici, in cui una "testa" comanda, esercitando un potere assoluto,le membra dell'organismo rappresentate dalle varie classi sociali. L'organicismo è normalmente una visione metaforica della sociologia e della filosofia politica, tuttavia alcuni autori si sono spinti fino a considerare la forma organica della società come una realtà materiale e non meramente speculativa.
- Organicyzm - pogląd filozoficzny zakładający, iż społeczeństwo funkcjonuje i rozwija się jak żywy organizm, a instytucje społeczne są ze sobą powiązane tak, jak części organizmu (od ich wzajemnej współpracy zależy sprawne funkcjonowanie społeczeństwa). Był to jeden z pierwszych nurtów w socjologii, głoszony m. in. przez Herberta Spencera. Jednego z pierwszych zastosowań metafory społeczeństwa jako organizmu dokonał Platon, a także Arystoteles. Odwoływały się do niej także idee wczesnochrześcijańskie, np. święty Paweł: "Podobnie jak jedno jest ciało, choć składa się z wielu członków, a wszystkie członki ciała, mimo iż są liczne, stanowią jedno ciało, tak też jest i z Chrystusem. Wszyscyśmy bowiem w jednym Duchu zostali ochrzczeni, [aby stanowić] jedno Ciało (... )"). Organicyzm wywarł znaczny wpływ na język socjologii i w ogólności nauk społecznych. W szczególności widoczny był w socjologii miasta, gdzie używano takich pojęć jak serce miasta, tkanka miejska, ale także w socjologii ogólnej - komórka społeczna, solidarność organiczna.
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- Organicism is a philosophical orientation that asserts that reality is best understood as an organic whole. By definition it is close to holism. Plato, Hobbes or Constantin Brunner are examples of such philosophical thought. Organicism is also a biological doctrine that stresses the organization, rather than the composition, of organisms. William Emerson Ritter coined the term in 1919. Organicism became well-accepted in the 20th century.
- Als Organizismus oder biologischen Holismus bezeichnet man die These, dass sich viele biologische Fragen nur beantworten lassen, wenn man den gesamten Organismus untersucht. Der Organizismus steht somit einem biologischen Reduktionismus gegenüber, der biologische Makrophänomene generell auf biologische Mikrophänomene zurückführen will.
- L'organicisme est une orientation philosophique qui affirme que la réalité est mieux comprise comme un tout organique. Par définition, il est proche de holisme, et le terme d'organicisme est préféré en ce qui concerne la biologie. Platon, Thomas Hobbes ou Constantin Brunner sont des exemples de cette pensée philosophique. L'organicisme est également une doctrine biologique qui met l'accent sur l'organisation, plutôt que de la composition, des organismes.
- Si definisce organicismo ogni dottrina filosofica, politica o sociologica che interpreti il mondo, la natura o la società in analogia ad un organismo vivente.
- Organicyzm - pogląd filozoficzny zakładający, iż społeczeństwo funkcjonuje i rozwija się jak żywy organizm, a instytucje społeczne są ze sobą powiązane tak, jak części organizmu (od ich wzajemnej współpracy zależy sprawne funkcjonowanie społeczeństwa). Był to jeden z pierwszych nurtów w socjologii, głoszony m. in. przez Herberta Spencera. Jednego z pierwszych zastosowań metafory społeczeństwa jako organizmu dokonał Platon, a także Arystoteles.
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