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- National Workshops refer to areas of work provided for the unemployed by the French Second Republic after the Revolution of 1848. The political crisis which resulted in the abdication of Louis Philippe was naturally followed in Paris, by an acute industrial crisis and this following the general agricultural and commercial distress which had prevailed throughout 1847. It rendered the problem of unemployment in Paris very acute. The provisional government under the influence of one of its members, Louis Blanc, and on the demand of a deputation claiming to represent the people passed a decree from which the following is an extract: The provisional government of the French Republic undertakes to guarantee the existence of the workmen by work. It undertakes to guarantee work for every citizen. For the carrying out of this decree, Louis Blanc wanted the formation of a ministry of labor, but this was shelved by his colleagues, who as a compromise appointed a government labor Commission, under the presidency of Louis Blanc, with power of inquiry and consultation only. The carrying out of the decree of February 25th was entrusted to the minister of public works, M. Marie, and various public works were immediately started. The earlier stages of the national works are sufficiently interesting to justify the following detailed account: The workman first of all obtained a certificate from the landlord of his house, or furnished apartments, showing his address, whether in Paris or the department of the Seine. This certificate was visd and stamped by the police commissary of the district. The workman then repaired to the office of the maire of his ward, and, on delivering this document, received in exchange a note of admission to the national works, bearing his name, residence and calling, and enabling him to be received by the director of the workplaces in which vacancies existed. All went well while the number of the unemployed was less than 6000, but as soon as that number was exceeded the workmen of each arrondissement, after having visited all the open works in succession without result, returned to their maires offices tired, starving and discontented. The workmen had been promised bread when work was not to be had, which was reasonable and charitable; the great mistake was, however, then committed of giving them money, and distributing it in public at the offices of the maires instead of distributing assistance in kind, which might have been done so easily through the agency of the bureaux de bienfaisance. Each maires office was authorized to pay every unemployed workman 1.50 francs per day on production of a ticket showing that there was no vacancy for him in the national works. The fixed sum of 2 francs was paid to any workman engaged on the public excavation work, without regard to his age, the work done or his calling. The workman made the following simple calculation, and he made it aloud: The state gives me 30 sous for doing nothing, it pays me 40 sous when I work, so I need only work to the extent of 10 sous. This was logical. The works opened by the minister of public works being far distant from each other, and the workmen not being able to visit them all in turn to make certain that there were no vacancies for them, two central bureaucracies were established; one at the Halle-aux-Veaux under M. Wissoc, the other near the maires office in the 2 Clearing the trench of Clamart and conveying the earth to Paris for the construction of a railway station on the chemin de fer de Ouest; construction of the Paris terminus of the Paris-Chartres railway and improvement of the navigation of the Oise extension of the Sceaux railway to Orsay.
- Die Pariser Nationalwerkstätten (Ateliers nationaux) des Jahres 1848 waren eine Maßnahme der Arbeitsbeschaffung, deren Scheitern zur Verschärfung der sozialen Gegensätze und zum Juniaufstand 1848 beitrug. In seinem Werk "L'Organisation du travail" hatte Louis Blanc 1839 die Errichtung von Produktivgenossenschaften mit staatlicher Förderung und öffentlicher Beistellung des Anfangskapitals gefordert. In der Februarrevolution 1848 wurde Louis Blanc Mitglied der provisorischen Regierung und diese proklamierte am 25. Februar 1848 das Recht auf Arbeit. Um dieses zu gewährleisten, wurden die so genannten Nationalwerkstätten errichtet, die freilich nur dem Namen nach Louis Blancs Vorstellungen entsprachen und deren Aktivität sich zeitlich auf bloß etwa vier Monate, nämlich vom 27. Februar bis 21. Juni 1848 erstreckte. Unter der Verantwortung des Ministers für öffentliche Arbeiten, Marie, wurden in militärischer Disziplin eine Reihe von öffentlichen Arbeiten begonnen bzw. geplant, unter anderem der Bau der Bahnhöfe Montparnasse und St. Lazare. Der Zustrom an Arbeitssuchenden war bedeutend und steigerte sich (21.000 Personen im März, 94.000 im April, etwa 115.000 im Mai). Es gab aber deutliche Probleme mit der Disziplin und Effektivität der geleisteten Arbeit, und für bürgerliche Kreise galten die Nationalwerkstätten als Herd sozialistischer Agitation. Aus diesem Grund beschloss die Anfang Mai 1848 gewählte konstituierende Versammlung mit ihrer konservativen Mehrheit am 24. Mai 1848 die Beendigung des Experiments der Nationalwerkstätten. Die dort beschäftigten unverheirateten 17 bis 25jährigen Männer sollten zur Armee eingezogen werden, der Rest der Betroffenen in weit entfernte Landesteile zu Kanalbauarbeiten und dergleichen verbracht werden. Die Veröffentlichung dieses Dekrets am 21. Juni 1848 führte zum Juniaufstand, der von General Louis-Eugène Cavaignac blutig nieder geschlagen wurde.
- Les ateliers nationaux est une organisation destinée à fournir du travail aux chômeurs parisiens après la révolution de février 1848. L'État intervient en fournissant, en organisant et en payant le travail.
- 国立作業場（Ateliers nationaux）とは、1848年2月末に成立した機関。失業した労働者に政府が職を提供するものであったが、まもなく廃止された。
- As Oficinas Nacionais foram criadas no governo provisório da França em 1848, durante a Segunda República caracterizaram-se por trazer trabalho aos pobres, mesmo que trabalhos primitivos - carpintaria, mercenaria, etc - entretanto, entre as oficinas não havia trabalhos na terra. Se não havia trabalhos geradores de alimentos, não haveria dinheiro para se pagar o salário dos trabalhadores, pois a França estava em crise causada pela seca. Esse foi o motivo da ineficiência dessa política.
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- National Workshops refer to areas of work provided for the unemployed by the French Second Republic after the Revolution of 1848. The political crisis which resulted in the abdication of Louis Philippe was naturally followed in Paris, by an acute industrial crisis and this following the general agricultural and commercial distress which had prevailed throughout 1847. It rendered the problem of unemployment in Paris very acute.
- Die Pariser Nationalwerkstätten (Ateliers nationaux) des Jahres 1848 waren eine Maßnahme der Arbeitsbeschaffung, deren Scheitern zur Verschärfung der sozialen Gegensätze und zum Juniaufstand 1848 beitrug. In seinem Werk "L'Organisation du travail" hatte Louis Blanc 1839 die Errichtung von Produktivgenossenschaften mit staatlicher Förderung und öffentlicher Beistellung des Anfangskapitals gefordert.
- Les ateliers nationaux est une organisation destinée à fournir du travail aux chômeurs parisiens après la révolution de février 1848. L'État intervient en fournissant, en organisant et en payant le travail.
- 国立作業場（Ateliers nationaux）とは、1848年2月末に成立した機関。失業した労働者に政府が職を提供するものであったが、まもなく廃止された。
- As Oficinas Nacionais foram criadas no governo provisório da França em 1848, durante a Segunda República caracterizaram-se por trazer trabalho aos pobres, mesmo que trabalhos primitivos - carpintaria, mercenaria, etc - entretanto, entre as oficinas não havia trabalhos na terra. Se não havia trabalhos geradores de alimentos, não haveria dinheiro para se pagar o salário dos trabalhadores, pois a França estava em crise causada pela seca. Esse foi o motivo da ineficiência dessa política.
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