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- Mirsäyet Xäydärğäli ulı Soltanğäliev (1892 - 1940), usually known in English as Mirza Sultan-Galiev, was a Tatar Bolshevik who rose to prominence in the Russian Communist Party in the early 1920s. He was later executed for being an independent Muslim leader as part of the purges of former bolsheviks in the Soviet Union. Mirsäyet Soltanğäliev was the son of a teacher, born in the village of Elembet'evo, Ufa Guberniya, Bashkiria, then part of the Russian Empire on 13 July 1892. At base, he had a difficult and impoverished childhood: first, as a school teacher, his father made very little money (not nearly enough to support his wife and 12 children) and was frequently transferred from place to place; second, there was considerable, lasting tension between his parents, because they came from very different layers of Tatar society. Mirsäyet later wrote, "My mother was the daughter of a prince – a noblewoman, while my father was a simple "Mishar," and this quite often stung the eyes of my father. " Though his parents could not afford to send him to a private school, Mirsäyet was able to learn a great deal from his father and at the latter's maktab, which followed the "New Method" of maktab teaching founded by İsmail Gaspıralı (1851-1914). From a young age Mirsäyet studied the Russian language and read many of the Russian classics from his father's library. At his father's school, he studied from age 8 to 15, learning Tatar and Arabic, history, geography, and mathematics, while also receiving a basic understanding of the Qur'an and Sharia. All this, especially his knowledge of Russian, greatly helped him to gain entrance to the Kazan Teachers College in 1907. Mirsäyet was first drawn to revolutionary ideas during the abortive 1905 revolution. Following the revolution's defeat he moved to Baku, where he came to the attention of Nariman Narimanov. He was further drawn to revolutionary ideas while studying to become a teacher at the Tatar Teachers College in Kazan. At this time, he also received his first lessons in socialism. The future bolshevik A. Nasybullin and the future Basmachi A. Ishmurzin gave him books on the theory of socialism and conversed with him about the books. Graduating from the Teacher's College in 1911, Mirsäyet began his career as a "half-starved village school teacher and librarian. " In 1912 he also started to publish articles in various newspapers in Russian and Tatar, initially under various pseudonyms, such as "Sukhoi [Dry one]," Syn naroda [Son of the People]," "Uchitel'-tatarin [Teacher-Tatar]," "Karamas-kalinets," and then from 1914 under his own name. Over the same period, he also "secretly distributed anti-government proclamations in the Muslim villages of Ufa province and spoke out against the installation of Russian or Christianized Tatar teachers in Muslim schools. As with most people of his generation, World War I played a large role in his personal transformation. With the war's outbreak, Soltanğäliev and his wife Rauza Chanysheva moved to Baku, where Soltanğäliev began to write for a variety of newspapers. He seems to have absorbed amongst the city's diverse population of Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians, Russians, Tatars, and Iranians, a deep and growing dissatisfaction with the tsarist autocracy, its resistance to reform, and handling of the war effort. Baku's political climate in combination with the 1916 anti-conscription uprising of Muslims in Central Asia led him to break with the reform-minded Jadidism of his youth and move towards revolutionary socialism. In May 1917 Soltanğäliev participated in the All-Russian Muslim Conference in Moscow and was elected to the All-Russia Muslim Council created by it. In July that year he went to Kazan, where he met Mullanur Waxitov, with whom he helped set up the Muslim Socialist Committee (MSC), with a program close to that of the Bolsheviks. In November 1917 he joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Following the establishment of Narkomnats in June 1917, Soltanğäliev was asked to become head of the Muslim section. In January 1918 the Central Commissariat of Muslim affairs in Inner Russia and Siberia, was set up under the chairmanship of Waxitov, with Soltangaliev as representative of the Russian Communist Party. He was appointed the chair of the Central Muslim Military Collegium when it was established in June 1918. He wrote for Zhizn' Natsional'nostei (Life of the Nationalities). Mustafa Suphi acted as his secretary. He was a great reader of the Russian Literature. He translated works by Tolstoy and Pushkin into the Tatar language. In December 1917, in response to some Tatars' accusations that he was betraying his own people to the Bolsheviks, Soltanğäliev wrote a revealing explanation for his decision to join the Bolsheviks: I now move to my cooperation with the Bolsheviks. I will say the following: I associate with them not from sycophancy. The love for my people, which lies inherently inside me, draws me to them. I go to them not with a goal to betray our nation, not in order to drink its blood. No! No! I go there because with my whole spirit I believe in the rightness of the Bolsheviks’ cause. I know this; it is my conviction. Thus, nothing will remove it from my soul. I realize that only some of the bolsheviks were able to implement what was promised at the beginning of the revolution. [But] only they stopped the war. Only they are striving to pass the nationalities’ fates into their own hands. Only they revealed who started the world war. What does not lead me to them? They also declared war on English imperialism, which oppresses India, Egypt, Afghanistan, Persia and Arabia. They are also the ones who raised arms against French imperialism, which enslaves Morocco, Algiers, and other Arab states of Africa. How could I not go to them? You see, they proclaimed the words, which have never been voiced since creation of the world in the history of the Russian state. Appealing to all muslims of Russia and the East, they announced that Istanbul must be in Muslims’ hands. They did this while English troops, seizing Jerusalem, appealed to Jews with the words: ‘Gather together quickly in Palestine, we will create for you a European state. ’ Mirsaid wanted to give Marxism an Islamic face. He argued that Tsarist Russians had oppressed Muslim society apart from a few big landowners and bourgeois. In 1923, he was accused of nationalist, pan-Islamic and pan-Turkic deviations and he was arrested and expelled from the party. Stalin was not sympathetic to his attempt to synthesise Islam, nationalism and communism for a revolution in the East in general and the Muslim in particular. Stalin, therefore, had Mirsäyet Soltanğäliev imprisoned and later executed (in Moscow on 28 January 1940) for being an independent ‘Muslim’ leader. He was killed by the NKVD (former organization of KGB) on the morning of 28 January 1940 at Lefort Prison by Stalin's order. The Soviet High Court returned his honour and rights back as a citizen and a party member by the decision taken on 30 April 1990 and declared that the claims, which he was accused, were based on a set up and false drops by the NKVD.
- Mirsäyet Xäydär ulı Soltanğäliev war ein tatarischer Politiker Russlands und zwischenzeitlich der höchstrangige Muslim in der KPdSU. In Europa kennt man ihn vor allem unter dem Namen Mir Said Sultan Galijew. Zunächst ein Anhänger des panturanischen Dschadidismus, schloss sich Galijew 1917 noch vor der Oktoberrevolution der Kommunistischen Partei an, unterstützte die Bolschewiki im Russischen Bürgerkrieg mit eigenen muslimischen Milizen und wurde 1918 Vorsitzender des Muslimischen Militärkollegiums Sowjetrusslands. Seine Wolgatataren unterstützten die Rote Armee gegen antikommunistische Baschkiren, „Kirgisen“ (= Kasachen), Aserbaidschaner und Krimtataren.
- Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev -- Político tártaro. Desde 1917 desempeñó varios cargos políticos dentro del seno del partido bolchevique, defendiendo las ideas nacionalistas y la doctrina marxista adaptadas al medio musulmán. Expresó su interpretación de esta ideología en la revista Jizn Natsionalnostei. En 1923 fue detenido y excluido del partido bolchevique por las divergencias que mantenía con sus dirigentes, pero fue liberado en 1924; en 1928 fue detenido de nuevo, y esta vez condenado a diez años de trabajos forzados en el campo de Solovki. En 1939 se pierden las pistas sobre su existencia.
- ファイル:SultanGaliyev0011. jpg ミールサイト・スルタンガリエフ ミールサイト・スルタンガリエフ（Mir Seyyit Sultan Galiyev, 1882年7月13日 - 1940年1月28日）は、ロシア革命期のタタール人民族主義者、革命運動家。 スルタンガリエフは、1882年に、現在のバシコルトスタン共和国のウファ県ステルリタマク郡にて生まれた。カザンのタタール人師範学校を卒業後、ウファ市立図書館で勤務する。新聞社での記者活動を経て、1917年にロシア共産党に入党。入党後は、カフカース派で共感を覚えていたヨシフ・スターリンに大抜擢され、中央ムスリム人民委員部委員、ムスリム軍事参与会議長、民族問題人民委員部（Наркомнац）の機関紙『民族生活（Жизнь Национальностей）』の編集長を務め、ムスリム出身の党員では党内の最高位まで登りつめた。 スルタンガリエフは、ソ連のタタール人社会を、資本主義の前段階にあるものとして位置づけ、すでに資本主義化したロシア人社会とは異なるアプローチで社会主義システムを建設する必要があると主張した。また、西洋の帝国主義から植民地を解放する上で、民族主義や宗教の役割を高く評価した。 スルタンガリエフは、著作『ムスリムに対する反宗教宣伝の方法』において、党内で一般的であったイスラームを反動的宗教とする考えを否定し、人間と社会の間のバランスを取る存在としてイスラームを評価している。また、帝国主義諸国に植民地化されたイスラーム世界において、イスラームは反帝国主義の思想になり得ると主張した。 こうした思想を背景として、スルタンガリエフは、ソ連領内のテュルク系諸民族による統一した自治政府の必要性を主張し、ヴォルガ川中流域の「タタール・バシキール共和国」、トルキスタンの「トルキスタン共和国」の設立活動を行った。エンヴェル・パシャの裏切りによって汎テュルク主義が奨励されなくなり、その同年1923年に反ソ運動を行ったということで逮捕され失脚。1940年に処刑された。 ペレストロイカ期の歴史の見直しの過程で、1990年にソ連邦最高裁の決定により名誉回復がなされた。
- Мирсаид Хайдаргалиевич Султа́н-Гали́ев — выдающийся советский политический и государственный деятель. Самый высокопоставленный руководитель-большевик среди мусульманских народов СССР сталинского периода.
- Sultan Galiyev (Mir Seyyit Sultan Alioglu, daha cok Sultan Galiyev adiyla bilinir),. Bugünkü Özerk Başkırtistan sınırları içinde Sterlitamak bölgesindeki Krımsakaly kasabasına bağlı Elimbetova köyünde dünyaya gelen siyasi düşünce adamı.
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