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- Maximus, also known as Maximus I or Maximus the Cynic, was the intrusive patriarch of Constantinople in 380, where he became a rival of Gregory Nazianzus. Born in Alexandria into a poor family, he was the son of Christian parents, who had suffered on account of their religion; but whether from Pagan or Arian violence is not clear. Maximus united the faith of an orthodox believer with the garb and deportment of a Cynic philosopher. He was initially held in great respect by the leading theologians of the orthodox party. Athanasius, in a letter written about 371, pays him several compliments on a work written in defence of the orthodox faith. In 374, during the reign of the emperor Valens, in the persecution carried on by Lucius, Arian patriarch of Alexandria, Maximus was flogged, and banished to the Oasis, on account of his zeal for orthodoxy and the aid he offered to those who suffered in the same cause. He obtained his release in about four years, probably on the death of Valens; and sometime after his release he presented to the emperor Gratian at Milan, his work, Περὶ τῆς πίστεως, De Fide, written against the Arians. He wrote also against other heretics, but whether in the same work or in another is not clear; and disputed against the pagans. Apparently on his return from Milan he visited Constantinople, where Gregory of Nazianzus had just been appointed to the patriarchate (379). Gregory received him with the highest honour; and delivered a panegyrical oration (Oration 25), in the man's own presence in full church, before the celebration of the Eucharist. He received him at his table, and treated him with the greatest confidence and regard. He was, however, grievously disappointed in him. Whether the events which followed were the results solely of the ambition of Maximus, or whether Maximus was himself the tool of others, is not clear. Taking advantage of the sickness of Gregory, and supported by some Egyptian ecclesiastics, sent by Peter II, Patriarch of Alexandria, under whose directions they professed to act, Maximus was ordained, during the night, Patriarch of Constantinople, in the place of Gregory, whose election had not been perfectly canonical. The conspirators chose a night in when Gregory was confined by illness, burst into the cathedral, and commenced the consecration. They had set Maximus on the archiepiscopal throne and had just begun shearing away his long curls when the day dawned. The news quickly spread and everybody rushed to the church. The magistrates appeared with their officers; Maximus and his consecrators were driven from the cathedral, and in the tenement of a flute-player the tonsure was completed. This audacious proceeding excited the greatest indignation among the people, with whom Gregory was popular. Maximus withdrew to Thessalonica to lay his cause before the emperor Theodosius I. He met with a cold reception from the emperor, who committed the matter to Ascholius, the much respected bishop of Thessalonica, charging him to refer it to Pope Damasus I. Two letters from Damasus asked for special care that a Catholic bishop maybe ordained. Maximus returned to Alexandria, and demanded that Peter should assist him in re-establishing himself at Constantinople. Peter appealed to the prefect, by whom Maximus was driven out of Egypt. As the death of Peter and the accession of Timothy I of Alexandria are dated to February 14 380, these events must have occurred in 379. The resignation of Gregory, who was succeeded in the patriarchate of Constantinople by Nectarius, did not benefit Maximus. When the First Council of Constantinople met in 381, Maximus's claim to the see of Constantinople was unanimously rejected, the last of its original four canons decreeing "that he neither was nor is a bishop, nor are they who have been ordained by him in any rank of the clergy". Maximus appealed from the Eastern to the Western church. In the autumn of 381 a synod held either at Aquileia or at Milan under Ambrose's presidency considered Maximus's claims. Having only his own representations to guide them, and there being no question that Gregory's translation was uncanonical, while the election of Nectarius was open to grave censure as that of an unbaptized layman, Maximus also exhibiting letters from Peter the late venerable patriarch, to confirm his asserted communion with the church of Alexandria, the Italian bishops pronounced in favour of Maximus and refused to recognize either Gregory or Nectarius. A letter of Ambrose and his brother-prelates to Theodosius remonstrates against the acts of Nectarius as no rightful bishop, since the chair of Constantinople belonged to Maximus, whose restoration they demanded, as well as that a general council of Easterns and Westerns, to settle the disputed episcopate and that of Antioch, should be held at Rome. In 382 a provincial synod held at Rome, having received more accurate information, finally rejected Maximus's claims. The invectives of Gregory of Nazianzus against Maximus were written after their struggle for the patriarchate, and contrast starkly with the praises of his twenty-fifth Oration. The work of Maximus, De Fide, which is well spoken of by Jerome, is lost.
- Màxim I de Constantinoble o Màxim Alexandrí o Màxim Filòsof Cínic (Maximus Alexandrinus, Μάξιμος, o Μάξιμος Κυνικὸς φιλόσοφος) fou un filòsof cínic grec egipci natural d'Alexandria, perseguit per la seva religió, sense que se sapiga quina era aquesta (pagana o potser arriana). Va viure a la segona part del segle IV. Després va ser fidel a l'ortodòxia i va escriure un llibre en la seva defensa . El 374 sota l'emperador Valent, l'arrià Luci patriarca d'Alexandria, va perseguir als ortodoxos, i el va desterrat a un oasis; fou alliberat als quatre anys, segurament a la mort de Valent. Llavors va anar a Milà on va presentar a Gracià la seva obra Περὶ τῆς πίστεως, De Fidie contra els arrians. Va visitar Constantinoble on Gregori Nazianzè havia estat nomenat patriarca el 379. Del perquè es va produir la usurpació de Màxim no se sap ben be tot, però amb el suport d'alguns eclesiàstics egipcis enviats per Pere, patriarca d'Alexandria, Màxim fou ordenat una nit patriarca degut a que l'elecció de Gregori no havia estat del tot canònica. El poble no li va donar suport i Màxim va demanar ajut a l'emperador però va haver de tornar a Alexandria on aviat va acabar expulsat pel mateix Pere, que li havia donat suport en la usurpació. A Constantinoble Nectari havia assolit el patriarcat al lloc de Gregori i va convocar un concili general a Constantinoble que va declarar nul·la l'elecció de Màxim i es van revertir els nomenaments de preveres que havia fet. Va buscar el suport dels bisbes italians, que semblava que li seria donat però tot va acabar amb res. Va morir en l'obscuritat.
- Máximo I de Constantinopla, Máximo Alejandrino o Máximo el Cínico (Maximus Alexandrinus, Μάξιμος, o Μάξιμος Κυνικὸς φιλόσοφος) fue un filósofo cínico greco-egipcio natural de Alejandría, perseguido por su religión, sin que se sepa cuál era esta, si pagana o arriana. Vivió en la segunda parte del siglo IV. Después, fue leal a la ortodoxia y escribió un libro en su defensa. En 374, bajo el mandato del emperador Valente, el arriano Lucio patriarca de Alejandría persiguió a los ortodoxos, y lo desterró a un oasis; fue liberado a los cuatro años, seguramente a la muerte de Valente. Entonces, marchó a Milán a presentar a Graciano su obra Περὶ τῆς πίστεως, De Fidie, contra los arrianos. Visitó Constantinopla, donde Gregorio Nacianceno había sido nombrado patriarca en el año 379. Cómo se produjo la usurpación de Máximo no se sabe bien, pero con el apoyo de algunos eclesiásticos egipcios enviados por Pedro, patriarca de Alejandría, Máximo fue ordenado una noche patriarca, debido a que la elección de Gregorio no había sido del todo canónica. El pueblo no le apoyó, y Máximo pidió ayuda al emperador, pero tuvo que regresar a Alejandría, donde acabó siendo expulsado por el mismo Pedro que le había apoyado en su usurpación. En Constantinopla, Nectario había asumido el patriarcado en lugar de Gregorio y convocó un concilio general que declaró nula la elección de Máximo, y se revirtieron los nombramientos que había hecho. Buscó el apoyo de los obispos italianos, que parecía que sería dado, pero todo acabó en nada. Falleció en la oscuridad.
- Максим Цыбырнак — философ кинической школы, сначала друг, а потом враг Григория Богослова, во время его отъезда из Константинополя устроивший против него заговор, с тем чтобы, удалив его с константинопольской кафедры, самому занять его место. Две из проповедей Григория посвящены рассуждению о М. , из которых одна — в похвалу ему (здесь М. называется Ироном) — сказана еще до заговора М. , другая — после. Этот М. известен также по письму к нему Афанасия Великого. Философ Максим - один из героев дилогии Генрика Ибсена «Кесарь и Галилеянин».
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- Maximus, also known as Maximus I or Maximus the Cynic, was the intrusive patriarch of Constantinople in 380, where he became a rival of Gregory Nazianzus. Born in Alexandria into a poor family, he was the son of Christian parents, who had suffered on account of their religion; but whether from Pagan or Arian violence is not clear. Maximus united the faith of an orthodox believer with the garb and deportment of a Cynic philosopher.
- Màxim I de Constantinoble o Màxim Alexandrí o Màxim Filòsof Cínic (Maximus Alexandrinus, Μάξιμος, o Μάξιμος Κυνικὸς φιλόσοφος) fou un filòsof cínic grec egipci natural d'Alexandria, perseguit per la seva religió, sense que se sapiga quina era aquesta (pagana o potser arriana). Va viure a la segona part del segle IV. Després va ser fidel a l'ortodòxia i va escriure un llibre en la seva defensa .
- Máximo I de Constantinopla, Máximo Alejandrino o Máximo el Cínico (Maximus Alexandrinus, Μάξιμος, o Μάξιμος Κυνικὸς φιλόσοφος) fue un filósofo cínico greco-egipcio natural de Alejandría, perseguido por su religión, sin que se sepa cuál era esta, si pagana o arriana. Vivió en la segunda parte del siglo IV. Después, fue leal a la ortodoxia y escribió un libro en su defensa.
- Максим Цыбырнак — философ кинической школы, сначала друг, а потом враг Григория Богослова, во время его отъезда из Константинополя устроивший против него заговор, с тем чтобы, удалив его с константинопольской кафедры, самому занять его место.
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