Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright DBE (17 December 1900 – 3 April 1998) was a leading 20th-century British mathematician. She was born in Aynho, Northamptonshire where her father was the vicar and died in Cambridge, England. Through her Grandmother Jane Holbech she was descended from the poet John Donne and William Mompesson the Vicar of Eyam. She then taught at Alice Ottley School in Worcester and Wycombe Abbey School in Buckinghamshire before returning to Oxford in 1928 to read for her D. Phil.

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  • Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright DBE (17 December 1900 – 3 April 1998) was a leading 20th-century British mathematician. She was born in Aynho, Northamptonshire where her father was the vicar and died in Cambridge, England. Through her Grandmother Jane Holbech she was descended from the poet John Donne and William Mompesson the Vicar of Eyam. She then taught at Alice Ottley School in Worcester and Wycombe Abbey School in Buckinghamshire before returning to Oxford in 1928 to read for her D. Phil. She was supervised by G. H. Hardy in her doctoral studies. During the academic year 1928–29 Hardy was at Princeton, so it was E. C. Titchmarsh who took over the duties as a supervisor. Her thesis on zeros of entire functions was examined by J. E. Littlewood whom she met for the first time as an external examiner in her oral examination for the D. Phil. She would later become a major collaborator with Littlewood, over many years. In 1930 Cartwright was awarded a Yarrow Research Fellowship and she went to Girton College, Cambridge, to continue working on the topic of her doctoral thesis. Attending Littlewood's lectures, she solved one of the open problems which he posed. Her theorem, now known as Cartwright's theorem, gives an estimate for the maximum modulus of an analytic function that takes the same value no more than p times in the unit disc. To prove the theorem she used a new approach, applying a technique introduced by Lars Ahlfors for conformal mappings. She anticipated Ivan Niven's elementary proof of the irrationality of π. Her version of the proof was published in an appendix to Sir Harold Jeffreys' book Scientific Inference. In 1936 she became director of studies in mathematics at Girton College, and in 1938 she began work on a new project which had a major impact on the direction of her research. The Radio Research Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research produced a memorandum regarding certain differential equations which came out of modeling radio and radar work. They asked the London Mathematical Society if they could help find a mathematician who could work on these problems and Cartwright became interested in this memorandum. The dynamics lying behind the problems were unfamiliar to Cartwright so she approached Littlewood for help with this aspect. They began to collaborate studying the equations. Littlewood wrote: The fine structure which Littlewood describes here is today seen to be a typical instance of the butterfly effect. The collaboration led to important results, and these have greatly influenced the direction that the modern theory of dynamical systems has taken. In 1947 she was elected to be a Fellow of the Royal Society and, although she was not the first woman to be elected to that Society, she was the first female mathematician. Cartwright was appointed Mistress of Girton in 1948 then, in addition, a Reader in the Theory of Functions in Cambridge in 1959, holding this appointment until 1968. She was the first woman: to receive the Sylvester Medal to serve on the Council of the Royal Society to be President of the London Mathematical Society (in 1961–62) She also received the De Morgan Medal of the Society in 1968. In 1969 she received the distinction of being honoured by the Queen, becoming Dame Mary Cartwright, Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
  • Mary Lucy Cartwright, mit dem Titel Dame, war eine englische Mathematikerin, die sich mit Funktionentheorie und Differentialgleichungen beschäftigte.
  • Mary Lucy Cartwright, fue una matemática británica. Desde sus años escolares se sintió atraída por la Historia, pero como no le gustaba el método de la época, que consistía en memorizar grandes listas de acontecimientos históricos, no se animó a estudiar esta materia y se decidió por las Matemáticas. En octubre de 1919 se matriculó en la Universidad de St. Hugh, en Oxford, para estudiar Matemáticas. En esta época la facultad estaba llena de estudiantes de los cuales solo cinco eran mujeres. Aunque se dedicó a las Matemáticas no disminuyó su interés por la Historia, su amor por esta materia se reflejará en las biografías de matemáticos que más tarde escribió. Se graduó en 1923, y durante cuatro años se dedicó a enseñar Matemáticas, primero en las escuelas de Alicia Ottley y después en la escuela de la abadía de Wycombe. En 1928 decide volver a la Universidad para obtener el doctorado. Su tesis la dirigió el matemático G. H. Hardy. En 1930 obtuvo una beca de investigación en la Universidad de Girton, en Cambridge. Allí, después de solucionar uno de los problemas planteado por el matemático John Edensor Littlewood, entabló una gran amistad con él. Trabajaron juntos en numerosas ocasiones, por ejemplo en el campo de ecuaciones diferenciales que sirvieron como modelo para el desarrollo de la radio y el radar. Publicó el teorema que lleva su nombre, El teorema de Cartwright que trata sobre máximos de funciones, los métodos que utiliza servirán para avanzar mucho sobre su investigación de funciones que darán lugar a fractales. Se puede decir, que con su teorema y sus estudios con Littlewood empieza la teoría del caos. En 1947 fue la primera mujer matemática que ingresó en la Royal Society. En 1961 se convertirá en la primera mujer presidente de la Sociedad Matemática de Londres. En 1963 será la primera mujer que obtiene la medalla Sylvester. En 1968 recibe la medalla De Morgan de la Sociedad Matemática de Londres. En 1969 le otorgaron con la máxima distinción británica, la reina la nombró Comandante de laOrden del Imperio Británico, con lo que le concedió el título de Lady (equivalente al de Lord).
  • Dame of the British Empire Mary Lucy Cartwright est une mathématicienne britannique née à Aynho dans le Northamptonshire le 17 décembre 1900 et décédée à Cambridge le 3 avril 1998.
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  • B. Maitland Grainger Morris Chike Obi
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  • Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright DBE (17 December 1900 – 3 April 1998) was a leading 20th-century British mathematician. She was born in Aynho, Northamptonshire where her father was the vicar and died in Cambridge, England. Through her Grandmother Jane Holbech she was descended from the poet John Donne and William Mompesson the Vicar of Eyam. She then taught at Alice Ottley School in Worcester and Wycombe Abbey School in Buckinghamshire before returning to Oxford in 1928 to read for her D. Phil.
  • Mary Lucy Cartwright, mit dem Titel Dame, war eine englische Mathematikerin, die sich mit Funktionentheorie und Differentialgleichungen beschäftigte.
  • Mary Lucy Cartwright, fue una matemática británica. Desde sus años escolares se sintió atraída por la Historia, pero como no le gustaba el método de la época, que consistía en memorizar grandes listas de acontecimientos históricos, no se animó a estudiar esta materia y se decidió por las Matemáticas. En octubre de 1919 se matriculó en la Universidad de St. Hugh, en Oxford, para estudiar Matemáticas.
  • Dame of the British Empire Mary Lucy Cartwright est une mathématicienne britannique née à Aynho dans le Northamptonshire le 17 décembre 1900 et décédée à Cambridge le 3 avril 1998.
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