| dbpprop:abstract
|
- Marquess of Salisbury is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1789 for the 7th Earl of Salisbury. Most of the holders of the title have been prominent in British political life over the last two centuries, particularly the 3rd Marquess, who served three times as Prime Minister in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This branch of the Cecil family descends from Sir Robert Cecil, the son of the prominent statesman the 1st Baron Burghley, from his second marriage, to Mildred Cooke. His elder half-brother the 2nd Baron Burghley, was created Earl of Exeter in 1605 and is the ancestor of the Marquesses of Exeter. Cecil notably served under Queen Elizabeth I and later King James I as Secretary of State, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Lord Privy Seal and Lord High Treasurer. In 1603 he was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Cecil, of Essendon in the County of Rutland, and the following year he was created Viscount Cranborne. In 1605 he was further created Earl of Salisbury. The last two titles were also in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He represented Weymouth in the House of Commons and also served as Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners and as Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire and Dorsetshire. His great-grandson, the fourth Earl, converted to Roman Catholicism and in 1689 the House of Commons decided to impeach him for high treason. However, the charges were not brought any further. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Earl. He was Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire. His grandson, the seventh Earl, was a politician and served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household for many years. In 1789 he was created Marquess of Salisbury in the Peerage of Great Britain. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Marquess. He was a Conservative politician and held office as Lord Privy Seal and Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury married as his first wife Frances Mary Gascoyne, daughter of Bamber Gascoyne, in 1821. The same year he assumed by Royal license the additional surname of Gascoyne. He was succeeded by his third but eldest surviving son, the third Marquess. He was three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1885 to 1886, 1886 to 1892 and 1895 and 1902 and also served four times as Foreign Secretary. His time as Prime Minister coincided with a great expansion of the British Empire. Lord Salisbury is also remembered as an adherent of the policy of "splendid isolation", the desire to keep Great Britain out of European affairs and alliances. He was also the last British Prime Minister to serve from the Lords He was succeeded by his eldest son, the fourth Marquess. He was also an influential Conservative politician and served as Lord Privy Seal, as President of the Board of Trade, as Lord President of the Council, as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and as Leader of the House of Lords. Like his father he was regarded as a staunch Conservative and bitterly opposed the Parliament Act 1911, which sought to curtail the powers of the House of Lords. His eldest son, the fifth Marquess, was also a Conservative politician. In 1941 he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Cecil. During his career Lord Salisbury notably held office as Paymaster-General, Secretary of State for the Dominions, Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords. He was an opponent of attempts to reform the House of Lords but was forced to see the Parliament Act 1949 even further limit the power of the House of Lords. However, Lord Salisbury was also behind the Salisbury Convention of 1945, which states that the House of Lords shall not oppose the second reading of any government legislation promised in its election manifesto. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the sixth Marquess. Although he briefly represented Bournemouth West in Parliament he did not take such an active role in national politics as his predecessors. As of 2007 the titles are held by his eldest son, the seventh Marquess, who succeeded in 2003. He is also a Conservative politician. After representing Dorset South in the House of Commons, he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Cecil in 1992 (the last time a writ of acceleration was issued). Lord Salisbury then served under his close political ally John Major as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords from 1994 to 1997. As Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords after 1997 he played a leading role in negotiating the terms of the House of Lords Act 1999, in which the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the upper chamber of Parliament was abolished. Salisbury managed to obtain a compromise with the Labour government of Tony Blair, whereby 92 selected hereditary peers were allowed to remain on an interim basis. However, the compromise was agreed without the knowledge of Conservative leader William Hague and Salisbury was dismissed as Conservative Leader in the House of Lords. The same year, along with all former Leaders of the House of Lords, he was given a life peerage as Baron Gascoyne-Cecil, of Essendon in the County of Rutland, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, so that he could remain a member of the House of Lords. As a descendant of the first Baron Burghley Lord Salisbury is also in remainder to this peerage, a title held by his kinsman Michael Cecil, 8th Marquess of Exeter. Several other members of the Cecil family have gained distinction. Lord Eustace Cecil, fourth son of the second Marquess, was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army and Member of Parliament. His son Evelyn Cecil was a Conservative politician and was created Baron Rockley in 1934. The Right Reverend Lord William Gascoyne-Cecil, Bishop of Exeter, Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, Lord Edward Cecil and Hugh Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood, were all younger sons of the third Marquess. Lord David Cecil, Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford, was the second son of the fourth Marquess, while the journalist Lord Richard Cecil was the second son of the sixth Marquess. Also, Lady Blanche Gascoyne-Cecil, daughter of the second Marquess, was the mother of Prime Minister Arthur Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour. The family seats are Hatfield House and Cranborne.
- Marquess of Salisbury ist ein britischer Adelstitel in der Peerage of Great Britain, der 1789 für James Cecil, 7. Earl of Salisbury (1748–1823) geschaffen wurde. Die meisten Titelträger spielten in der britischen Politik der folgenden zwei Jahrhunderte eine herausragende Rolle, vor allem Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3. Marquess of Salisbury, der dreifache Premierminister am Ende des 19. Jahrhundert und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Die Familiensitze der Earls of Salisbury sind Hatfield House und Cranborne.
- Le titre marquis de Salisbury, associé à la ville de Salisbury, a été créé dans la pairie de Grande-Bretagne en 1789 pour James Cecil, le 7 comte de Salisbury. La plupart des porteurs de ce titre ont été des acteurs importants de la vie politique britannique des deux derniers siècles. Par exemple, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil a été premier ministre à trois reprises à la fin du XIX et au début du XX siècle. Le titre de comte de Salisbury a une histoire complexe. Il fut créé pour Patrick de Salisbury par Mathilde l'Emperesse lors de la guerre civile dite « l'Anarchie ». Le titre fut cependant reconnu par son adversaire, le roi Étienne d'Angleterre, puis par son successeur Henri II. Guillaume de Longespee, un fils illégitime d'Henri II fut marié par son demi-frère Richard à Ela, la fille et héritière du 2 comte, comtesse dans de jure. Alice Plantagenet, épouse de Thomas de Lancastre, comte de Leicester et Lancastre, hérita du titre. Quand son mari perdit ses titres et fut exécuté pour trahison en 1322, la comtesse rendit ses titres au roi, et ceux-ci s'éteignirent. Le titre fut créé un deuxième fois en 1337 pour Guillaume Montacute. Il fut porté par Richard Neville, le Faiseur de rois, et à sa mort, le titre devint dormant car il y avait de nombreux successeurs légitimes. Il fut donné à George, duc de Clarence en 1472. Quand le duc fut exécuté pour trahison en 1478, le titre fut confisqué. Il fut à nouveau créé pour Édouard de Middleham, le fils de Richard III, qui devint plus tard prince de Galles. À sa mort, le titre s'éteint. En 1485, la dormance du titre de la deuxième création fut terminée, et le titre alla à Édouard Plantagenet, le petit-fils de Richard Neville. Édouard, dernier représentant de la maison d'York fut exécuté pour haute trahison en 1499. Le titre ne fut, toutefois, officiellement confisqué qu'en 1504. Margaret, sa sœur regagna ce titre en 1513 à l'accession d'Henri VIII, mais il lui fut confisqué en 1539 pour trahison. Elle fut emprisonné 2 ans, puis exécuté en 1541. Le titre fut finalement donné à Robert Cecil, un proche conseiller de Jacques I. Lord Salisbury tient les titres subsidiaires de comte de Salisbury (créé en 1605), vicomte Cranborne, dans le comté de Dorset (1604), et baron Cecil, d'Essendon dans le comté de Rutland (1603). Le titre de vicomte Cranborne est utilisé comme titre de courtoisie par le fils aîné et héritier du marquis.
- ソールズベリー侯（Marquess of Salisbury）は、イギリスの爵位の1つ。その創設は1789年に侯爵に叙せられたジェームズ・セシルの時に遡る。ソールズベリー侯として最も有名なのは、19世紀末から20世紀初にかけて3度もイギリスの首相を務めたロバート・ガスコイン＝セシル (第3代) である。 ソールズベリー卿の従属称号は以下の通り。 ソールズベリー伯（1605年創設） クランボーン子爵（1604年創設） セシル・オブ・エッセンドン男爵（1603年創設） エッセンドンはラットランド州の地名 上記のうち、ソールズベリー侯の後継者が用いる儀礼称号は「クランボーン子爵」である。 ソールズベリー伯の称号には複雑な歴史がある。この称号は12世紀の半ばにヘンリー2世の庶子であるパトリック・ドゥ・ソールズベリーのために創設された。この称号は代々継承され、5代目のアリス・プランタジネットまで続くが、1322年にアリスの夫であるランカスター伯トマス・プランタジネットがエドワード2世に対する反逆罪で処刑されると、彼女もソールズベリー伯の称号を返上する事になり、伯爵位は無効になった。 1337年、無効になっていた爵位は、国王エドワード3世の寵臣でスコットランドとの戦闘で功のあったウィリアム・モンタキュートのために再創設された。この爵位は後にモンタキュート家と姻戚関係を結んだネヴィル家に引き継がれ、リチャード・ネヴィルが継承する。だがこの時期イングランド国内で薔薇戦争が勃発し、1471年にリチャード・ネヴィルが戦死すると、その爵位・所領は敵方であるヨーク家に没収される。 ヨーク家は翌1472年に、この爵位を国王エドワード4世の弟クラレンス公ジョージに与える。クラレンス公ジョージがリチャード・ネヴィルの娘イザベル・ネヴィルの夫である事を法的根拠としたのである。だが、イザベルの妹アン・ネヴィルがクラレンス公の弟グロスター公リチャードと結婚すると、この広大なリチャード・ネヴィルの遺産をめぐって兄弟の対立が激化する。1476年に姉イザベルが亡くなって形勢はクラレンス公にとって不利になり、結局1478年にクラレンス公ジョージは反逆罪で処刑される。 クラレンス公の跡を継いでソールズベリー伯を継承したのは、グロスター公リチャードの息子のエドワード・オブ・ミドルハムである。彼は父グロスター公が即位したので、後にプリンス・オブ・ウェールズになるが、さらにその後テューダー朝の時代になるとロンドン塔で獄中死し、爵位も消滅する。この爵位は1485年、テューダー朝のヘンリー7世がリチャード・ネヴィルの孫でクラレンス公の息子のエドワード・プランタジネットが継承する。エドワードは1499年に反逆罪で処刑されるが、称号が正式に消滅したのは1504年の事である。この称号は1513年にエドワードの姉マーガレット・ポールが復活させたが、1539年には剥奪されてしまう。 その後、ソールズベリー伯爵位はジェームズ1世の近習だったロバート・セシルに叙爵された。それ以降、彼の血統がソールズベリー侯を継承している。 現在のソールズベリー侯は、イースト・ドーセットのクランボーンにあるハットフィールド・ハウスに住んでいる。
- Marki av Salisbury er en tittel i Storbritannias adelskalender. Den ble opprettet i 1769 for James Cecil, 7. jarl av Salisbury. De fleste av tittelinnehaverne har vært sentrale i britisk politikk; en av de fremste var Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3. marki av Salisbury, som var statminister tre ganger på slutten av det 19. og begynnelsen av det 20. århundre. Markien har flere subsidiære titler: Jarl av Salisbury Vicomte Cranborne Baron Cecil, med sete i Essendon, Rutland Markiens eldste sønn og arving bruker Vicomte Cranborne som ærestittel.
- Markiz Salisbury, ang. Marquess of Salisbury
|
![[RDF Data]](/statics/sw-cube.png)
