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- The March (or Margravate) of Istria was originally a Carolingian frontier march covering the Istrian peninsula and surrounding territory. It was created in 799 following the death of Eric of Friuli, the margrave who had thitherto guarded the Pannonian plain which led into Italy and the heart of the Empire. In the first decade of the ninth century, Istria was ruled by a Duke John, nominally according to its ancient Byzantine customs, but in fact as Frankish duchy. The region then had nine cities, Trieste foremost among them. Under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle of 812, by which the Byzantine Empire recognised the Frankish emperor Charlemagne, Istria, along with Dalmatia and Venetia, was returned to Byzantine control. After this, it falls into obscurity, but perhaps the Byzantines never succeeded in reestablishing their government in the returned territories, if they were actually handed over. Istria was probably eventually just reintegrated into the Duchy and March of Friuli. The original Carolingian march covered the Julian Alps and the Kras Plateau down to the Gulf of Kvarner. It was one of three marches, along with Friuli and Carniola, guarding eastern Lombardy from the Avars, Slavs, and Magyars successively. In 952, the marches of Verona and Istria were granted to Henry I of Bavaria, who already controlled those of Carinthia and Carniola. In 976, Carinthia was created a duchy and was given suzerainty over the other marches, including Istria. There appear counts of Istria late in the tenth century, but Istria was united to the March of Carniola in 1012, when both were bestowed on one Poppo I, heir by marriage to the last known count. Carniola gradually acquired much of the Istrian march. In 1209, the march was granted to the Patriarchate of Aquileia. By mid-century the patriarchs had ceased appointing margraves and had taken the region into the direct control. By 1250, the march of Istria effectively ceased to exist. When the secular authority of the Patriarchs of Aquileia came to an end in 1420, Istria was divided between Venice and Austria, and the Habsburgs added the title of Margrave of Istria to their other titles.
- De mark Istrië was oorspronkelijk een Karolingische grensmark, dat het schiereiland Istrië en omstreken omvatte. Het werd in 799 gecreëerd, na de dood van Erik van Friuli, die tot dan het gebied Pannonië bestuurd had. In het eerste decennium van de negende eeuw werd Istrië bestuurd door Jan van Istrië. Nadien verviel de streek in de duisternis en werd ze opgenomen in het hertogdom en de mark Friuli.
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- The March (or Margravate) of Istria was originally a Carolingian frontier march covering the Istrian peninsula and surrounding territory. It was created in 799 following the death of Eric of Friuli, the margrave who had thitherto guarded the Pannonian plain which led into Italy and the heart of the Empire. In the first decade of the ninth century, Istria was ruled by a Duke John, nominally according to its ancient Byzantine customs, but in fact as Frankish duchy.
- De mark Istrië was oorspronkelijk een Karolingische grensmark, dat het schiereiland Istrië en omstreken omvatte. Het werd in 799 gecreëerd, na de dood van Erik van Friuli, die tot dan het gebied Pannonië bestuurd had. In het eerste decennium van de negende eeuw werd Istrië bestuurd door Jan van Istrië. Nadien verviel de streek in de duisternis en werd ze opgenomen in het hertogdom en de mark Friuli.
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