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- A lost work is a document or literary work produced some time in the past of which no surviving copies are known to exist. Works may be lost to history either through the destruction of the original manuscript, or through the non-survival of any copies of the work. Deliberate destruction of works may be termed literary crime or literary vandalism. In some cases fragments may survive, either found by archaeology, or sometimes reused as bookbinding materials, or because they are quoted in other works. The discovery in 1822 of large parts of Cicero's De re publica was one of the first major recoveries of an ancient text from a palimpsest, while the most famous recent example is the discovery of the Archimedes palimpsest (hidden in a much later prayer book). Most of the missing works are described by works or compilations which have survived, such as the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder or the De Architectura by Vitruvius. Sometimes, authors wanted to destroy their own works, or instructed others to do so after their deaths; such action was not taken in several well-known cases, such as Virgil's Aeneid saved by Augustus and Kafka's novels saved by Max Brod. Many works were apparently lost when the Library at Alexandria was burnt down in the Roman period, or perhaps later. Before the era of printing, manuscripts were handwritten, and so few copies existed, explaining why so much has been lost. Works which are not referred to by others, of course, remain unknown and totally forgotten. The term is most commonly applied to works from the classical world, although it is increasingly used in relation to more modern works.
- Ein verschollenes Buch ist ein Buch, dessen Existenz sich nur noch aus Sekundärüberlieferungen erschließt. Es ist also nicht mehr verfügbar oder nur fragmentarisch erhalten. Gründe dafür können Bibliotheksbrände, das Alter, aber auch Bücherverbrennungen oder anderweitige Büchervernichtungen sein. Beispiele sind das Ende der Bibliothek von Alexandria oder die umfangreichen Bücherverluste in der Spätantike. Durch den Überlieferungsverlust der antiken griechischen und lateinischen Literatur ist die Anzahl der erhalten gebliebenen Werke äußerst gering. Aber auch später gab es noch Zerstörungen, wie während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges.
- Een verloren werk is een historisch geschrift waarvan het bestaan wél bekend is maar waarvan geen exemplaren overgeleverd zijn. Deze bekendheid kan bestaan door ex-libris verwijzingen, verwijzingen in andere werken of verwijzingen in archieven.
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