Leslie Eleazer Orgel FRS was a British chemist. Born in London, England, Orgel received his B.A. in chemistry with first class honours from Oxford University in 1949. In 1950 he was elected a Fellow of Magdalen College and in 1951 was awarded his Ph. D in chemistry at Oxford. Orgel started his career as a theoretical inorganic chemist and continued his studies in this field at Oxford, the California Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago.
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- Leslie Eleazer Orgel FRS was a British chemist. Born in London, England, Orgel received his B.A. in chemistry with first class honours from Oxford University in 1949. In 1950 he was elected a Fellow of Magdalen College and in 1951 was awarded his Ph. D in chemistry at Oxford. Orgel started his career as a theoretical inorganic chemist and continued his studies in this field at Oxford, the California Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago. Together with Sydney Brenner, Jack Dunitz, Dorothy Hodgkin, and Beryl Oughton he was one of the first people in 1953 to see the model of the structure of DNA, constructed by Francis Crick and James Watson, at the time he and the other scientists were working at Oxford University's Chemistry Department. All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick; Orgel himself also worked with Crick. In 1955 he joined the chemistry department at Cambridge University. There he did work in transition metal chemistry, published articles and wrote a textbook entitled Transition Metal Chemistry: Ligand Field Theory (1960). In 1964 Orgel was appointed Senior Fellow and Research Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where he directed the Chemical Evolution Laboratory. He was also an adjunct professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego, and he was one of five principal investigators in the NASA-sponsored NSCORT program in exobiology. Orgel also participated in NASA's Viking Mars Lander Program as a member of the Molecular Analysis Team that designed the gas chromatography mass spectrometer instrument that robots took to the planet Mars. Orgel’s lab came across an economical way to make cytarabine, a compound that is one of today’s most commonly used anti-cancer agents. During the 1970s, Orgel suggested reconsidering the Panspermia hypothesis, according to which the earliest forms of life on earth did not originate here, but arrived from outer space with meteorites. Together with Stanley Miller, Orgel also suggested that peptide nucleic acids - rather than ribonucleic acids - constituted the first pre-biotic systems capable of self-replication on early Earth. His name is popularly known because of Orgel's rules, credited to him, particularly Orgel's Second Rule: "Evolution is cleverer than you are". In his book The Origins of Life, Orgel coined the concept of specified complexity, to describe the criterion by which living organisms are distinguished from non-living matter. He has published over three hundred articles in his research areas. Orgel died of cancer on 27 October 2007 at the San Diego Hospice & Palliative Care in San Diego, California.
- Leslie Eleazer Orgel war ein britischer Chemiker. Er war Mitbegründer der Ligandenfeldtheorie und Forscher auf dem Gebiet der Chemischen Evolution. Orgel brachte in den 70er Jahren die Panspermie-Hypothese erneut in die Diskussion, nach der die frühesten Formen des Lebens auf der Erde nicht hier entstanden, sondern durch Meteoriten aus dem Weltall hierher gelangt sind. Francis Crick hat die von ihm aufgestellte Regel „Evolution is cleverer than you are“ („Die Evolution ist raffinierter als du es bist“) nach Leslie Orgel als Orgels Regel benannt. Zusammen mit Stanley Miller schlug Orgel auch den Gedanken vor, dass Peptid-Nukleinsäuren (PNA) - anstatt der Ribonukleinsäure (RNA) - die ersten zur Autoreplikation fähigen präbiotischenen Systeme auf der frühen Erde bildeten. Für die NASA entwickelte Orgel die Analyseinstrumente mit, die die Raumsonde Viking zum Planeten Mars mitnahm. In seinem Buch The Origins of Life prägte Orgel den Begriff der Spezifizierten Komplexität, um zu beschreiben, was lebende Organismen von unbelebten Objekten unterscheidet. Leslie Orgel forschte am Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla und war außerordentlicher Professor an der University of California, San Diego. Privat war er ein Liebhaber orientalischer Teppiche.
- Leslie Eleazer Orgel oli brittisyntyinen kemisti, joka toimi kemiallisen evoluution professorina University of Californiassa. Hän tuli kuuluisaksi avustaan ligand field theoryn kehittämisessä. Teoria käsittelee kompleksisten yhdisteiden yhteisvaikutuksia. 1970-luvulla Orgel ehdotti panspermiahypoteesin, jonka mukaan alkukantaisimmat elämänmuodot eivät syntyneet maassa vaan tulivat muualta meteoriittien mukana. Laslie Orgel synnytti elämän syntyyn liittyvissä tutkimuksissa melko kylmässä vetysyanidista puriineja. Orgel ja Stanley Miller ehdottivat, että ensimmäinen esielollinen ja itseään kahdentava systeemi olisi koostunut RNA:ta yksinkertaisemmasta PNA:sta (Peptide Nucleic Acid). Orgel kehitti myös kuuluisaksi lausahdukseksi nousseen "Orgelin lain" "Evoluutio on viisaampi kuin sinä olet". Kirjassaan The Origins of Life Orgel kehitti määritelmän täsmennetty monimutkaisuus, joka kuvaa kriteeriä, joka erotti elävän elottomasta.
- Leslie Eleazer Orgel FRS İngiliz kimyacı. Londra'da doğan, Orgel received his B.A. in chemistry with first class honors from Oxford Üniversitesi'nden kimya alanında sınıf birinciliği ile 1949'da mezun oldu.1950'de Magdalen Kolej öğretim üyesi olarak göreve başladı vr 1951'de Oxford'da kimya doktorasını tamamladı. Orgel kariyerine teorik inorganik kimyacı olarak başladı ve bu alandaki çalışmalarına Oxford, Kaliforniya Teknoloji Enstitüsü]] ve Chicago Üniversitesinde devam etti. 1955'de Cambridge Üniversitesi kimya kürsüsüne katıldı. Orada geçiş metal kimyası üzerinde çalıştı, makaleler yayınladı ve Geçiş Metal Kimyası:Ligand Saha Teorisi (1960) başlıklı bir kitap yayınladı. 1964'te Orgel Kimyasal Evrim laboratuvarı'nı yöneteceği Salk Biyolojik Bilimler Enstitüsü'ne kıdemli öğretim üyesi ve araştırmacı profesör atandı. Aynı zamanda Kaliforniya Üniversitesi San Diego'da Kimya ve Biyokimya kürsüsünde yarı zamanlı profesör olarak çalıştı ve NASA tarafından desteklenen eksobiyoloji alanındaki NSCORT programında beş baş araştırmacıdan biriydi. Orgel aynı zamanda, NASA'nın Viking Mars'a İniş Programına, robotların Mars gezegenine götürdükleri gaz kromotografi kütle spektrometre cihazını tasarlayan Moleküler Analiz Takımının bir üyesi olarak katıldı. Orgel'in laboratuvarı bugün anti-kanser ajanı olarak en sık kullanılan bir bileşik olan cytarabine'in ekonomik bir yapım yolunu geliştirmiştir. 1970'ler boyunca Orgel yaşamın ilk biçimlerinin dış uzaydan göktaşları aracılığıyla geldiğini ve yaşamın dünyadan başlamadığını varsayan panspermia varsayımını yeniden düşünmeyi tartışmıştır. Stanley Miller ile beraber, Orgel Dünyanın ilk oluşum zamanında kendi kendini kopyalama yeteneğine sahip olan ilk pre-biyotik sistemleri - RNAlar yerine - peptit nükleik asitlerin oluşturduğunu ileri sürmüştür. İsmi, kendisine atfedilen Orgel kuralları özellikle ikinci Orgel kuralı olan "Evrim sizden akıllıdır" ile çok ünlenmiştir. "Yaşamın kökenleri" isimli kitabında Orgel, canlı organizmaları canlı olmayan maddelerden ayıran özelleşmiş karmaşıklık kavramını geliştirdi. Araştırma konuları ile ilgili olarak üç yüzden fazla makale yayınladı. Orgel 27 Ekim 2007 yılında San Diego, Kaliforniya'da kanser ile verdiği uzun savaştan sonra öldü.
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- Leslie Eleazer Orgel FRS was a British chemist. Born in London, England, Orgel received his B.A. in chemistry with first class honours from Oxford University in 1949. In 1950 he was elected a Fellow of Magdalen College and in 1951 was awarded his Ph. D in chemistry at Oxford. Orgel started his career as a theoretical inorganic chemist and continued his studies in this field at Oxford, the California Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago.
- Leslie Eleazer Orgel war ein britischer Chemiker. Er war Mitbegründer der Ligandenfeldtheorie und Forscher auf dem Gebiet der Chemischen Evolution. Orgel brachte in den 70er Jahren die Panspermie-Hypothese erneut in die Diskussion, nach der die frühesten Formen des Lebens auf der Erde nicht hier entstanden, sondern durch Meteoriten aus dem Weltall hierher gelangt sind.
- Leslie Eleazer Orgel oli brittisyntyinen kemisti, joka toimi kemiallisen evoluution professorina University of Californiassa. Hän tuli kuuluisaksi avustaan ligand field theoryn kehittämisessä. Teoria käsittelee kompleksisten yhdisteiden yhteisvaikutuksia. 1970-luvulla Orgel ehdotti panspermiahypoteesin, jonka mukaan alkukantaisimmat elämänmuodot eivät syntyneet maassa vaan tulivat muualta meteoriittien mukana.
- Leslie Eleazer Orgel FRS İngiliz kimyacı. Londra'da doğan, Orgel received his B.A. in chemistry with first class honors from Oxford Üniversitesi'nden kimya alanında sınıf birinciliği ile 1949'da mezun oldu.1950'de Magdalen Kolej öğretim üyesi olarak göreve başladı vr 1951'de Oxford'da kimya doktorasını tamamladı.
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