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- Leopold Trepper was an organizer of the Soviet spy ring Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) prior to and during World War II. Leopold Trepper was born to a Jewish family on February 23, 1904, in Nowy Targ, Poland (part of Austria-Hungary in that time). His family moved to Vienna, Austria, when he was child. After the October Revolution he joined the Bolsheviks and worked in the Galician mines. In 1923, he organized a strike in Kraków and was imprisoned for eight months. Trepper moved from Poland to Palestine in 1924 as a member of the zionist socialist movement Hashomer Hatzair. He joined the Palestine Communist Party and worked against the British forces in Palestine. He was identified as a communist agent and expelled in 1929. He went to France and worked for an underground political organization called Rabcors until French intelligence broke it up in 1932. Trepper escaped to Moscow and worked as a GRU agent for the next six years, traveling between Moscow and Paris. He escaped the Stalinist purges with support from Russian Military intelligence, one of the few forces still relatively immune from Stalin's influence and where the influence of old Bolsheviks remained strong. In 1938, Trepper was sent to organize and coordinate an intelligence network in Nazi-occupied Europe, based in Belgium. The Nazis named it the Red Orchestra (Die Rote Kapelle). Prior to the German attack on the Soviet Union, he sent information about German troop transfers from other fronts for Operation Barbarossa through a Soviet military attaché in Vichy France. Eventually, the Gestapo uncovered the network and Trepper fled to France. In France, Trepper established another network, but eventually the Abwehr tracked him down. They arrested Trepper on November 16 1942 from a dentist's chair. The Gestapo did not force him to betray most of his contacts, but treated him leniently in an attempt to make him a double agent in Paris, but the GRU eventually figured out that he had been turned because Trepper managed to inform them by secret hints within his communications. Eventually in 1943, Trepper escaped and went underground. He emerged with the French Resistance after the liberation of Paris. He later claimed that he had contacted the French communist resistance during his imprisonment by Germans. The Soviets took him to Russia but instead of rewarding him, they locked him up in Lubyanka prison. He vigorously defended his position and avoided execution for unknown reasons, but remained in prison until 1955. Before that, he was personally interrogated by NKVD chief Viktor Abakumov. After his release, he returned to Poland to his wife and three sons. He became a head of the Jewish Cultural Society. After the Six Day War, anti-semitism increased in Poland and Trepper decided to try to immigrate to Israel. Initially, the Polish government refused permission until international protests forced Poland to allow a number of Jews to leave for Israel. He settled in Jerusalem in 1974. In 1975, he published his autobiography, The Great Game. A few years before, a book about the Red Orchestra containing interviews with both Russians and Nazis had appeared, written by Gilles Perrault. Leopold Trepper died - a convinced communist revolutionary - in Jerusalem in 1982. His funeral was attended by the highest echelons of the Israeli army, including Defence Minister Ariel Sharon. In the epilogue to The Great Game, Trepper wrote, I do not regret the commitment of my youth, I do not regret the paths I have taken. In Denmark, in the fall of 1973, a young man asked me in a public meeting, "Haven't you sacrificed you life for nothing?" I replied, "No. " "No" on one condition: that people understand the lesson of my life as a communist and a revolutionary, and do not turn themselves over to a deified party.
- Leopold Trepper war ein polnischer Kommunist, Widerstandskämpfer und Publizist jüdischer Herkunft.
- Leopold Zakharovitch Treper, alias Leiba Domb, « Jean Gilbert » et « Le Grand Chef », est un organisateur politique polonais et espion soviétique, ayant participé à la Résistance allemande au nazisme.
- Trepper nacque in Polonia in una famiglia ebraica; si avvicinò inizialmente al movimento sionista dal quale prese poi fortemente le distanze, lasciando il lavoro di minatore e anche l'università. Lasciata la Polonia, si trasferì in un kibbutz e diventò un militante comunista nelle file del Partito Comunista di Palestina. Rientrato in Europa, a Parigi, fu, prima e durante la seconda guerra mondiale, il capo dell'Orchestra Rossa, una delle principali reti spionistiche antinaziste, organizzandone le basi in Francia e in Belgio. Trepper reclutava i membri della "Orchestra" fra gli antifascisti della comunità ebraica: tra l'altro, è proprio il controspionaggio nazista a coniare il nome Die Rote Kapelle (Orchestra Rossa), anche perché "Orchestra" era il nome convenzionale delle organizzazioni spionistiche forti (dove il "direttore d'orchestra" era il capo, il "pianista" era l'operatore radio, ecc.). Arrestato dalla Gestapo in circostanze banali (doveva completare una cura dentistica e fu arrestato presso lo studio medico, durante la visita). Approfittando del rispetto che i nazisti gli mostravano, finse di collaborare con loro, ma riuscì, invece, ad avvertire il "Centro" della sua cattura e dell'imminente invasione dell'Unione Sovietica da parte di Hitler, dando avvio al "Grande Gioco", cioè un'incredibile intreccio spionistico che mise in rilievo la sua determinazione e le sue grandi capacità di improvvisazione. Rientrato in Unione Sovietica al termine della guerra, venne arrestato per aver espresso critiche alla politica staliniana, rimanendo in carcere per oltre nove anni. Scarcerato, rientrò in Polonia, ma fu costretto all'esilio dalla politica antiebraica del governo. Si rifugiò in Israele, dove trovo la morte nel 1982. Ha scritto un'autobiografia dal titolo Il grande gioco - le memorie del capo dell'Orchestra Rossa, edito in Italia da Arnoldo Mondadori Editore nel 1976. Dal libro è stato tratto un film, L'orchestre rouge, diretto da Claude Brasseur.
- レオポルド・トレッペル（英語: Leopold Trepper、1904年2月23日 - 1982年1月19日）は、赤いオーケストラと呼ばれたソ連のスパイである。ユダヤ人。
- Leopold Zakharovitsj Trepper was een Poolse verzetsstrijder in de Tweede Wereldoorlog van Joodse komaf. Vanaf de middelbare school voelde Trepper zich min of meer aangetrokken door de communistische ideeën van Karl Marx. Hij ging vroegtijdig van school af en ging allerlei beroepen uitoefenen. Tijdens deze periode hield hij zich bezig met betogingen en daardoor moest hij al snel onderduiken. Hij vluchtte naar het mandaatgebied Palestina en ging daar wonen. Na een korte tijd in Palestina gewoond te hebben vertrok hij naar Marseille. Daar kwam hij in contact met de Russische spionagedienst. Hij verbleef daarna nog een tijdje in Parijs en ging toen naar Moskou om daar aan een joodse universiteit te gaan studeren. Omdat zijn studie over racisme en antisemitisme ging, waarbij het naziregime de voornaamste aanjager van het antisemitisme was, kwam hij in contact met het hoofd van de Russische inlichtingendienst, generaal Berzin. Hij bood Trepper het leiderschap van de Europese afdeling aan. In 1938 ging Trepper naar België, waar hij van de Russische ambassade in Antwerpen een paspoort kreeg met de naam Adam Mikler, een Canadees ondernemer die zich in België wilde vestigen. Direct na zijn aankomst in België ging hij Leo Grossvogel, een oude Palestijnse vriend van hem, opzoeken. Grossvogel was directeur van “Au Roi du Caoutchouc” en had een zetel in Brussel. Ook had hij enkele huizen over België verspreid, waaronder een huis op Kapellestraat 83 in Oostende. Samen met Grossvogel wilde Trepper een spionagegroep die door de Duitsers “Die Rote Kapelle” werd genoemd, verder uitbouwen. Grossvogel kwam met het idee dat Trepper een internationaal handelsbedrijf moest stichten. Deze zou dan via de filialen in het buitenland, de regenmantels van Au Roi du Caoutchouc in de handel brengen. Trepper richtte eind 1938 een bedrijf op, dat de naam “The Foreign Excellent Trench-Coat" kreeg. De leiding werd toegezegd aan Jules Jaspar. Omdat Jules Jaspar een goede reputatie had, dachten Grossvogel en Trepper alle verdenkingen af te kunnen wimpelen. Trepper had intussen vanuit de Sovjet-Unie de opdracht gekregen om in Oslo, Kopenhagen, Stockholm en Oostende hulphuizen te stichten.
- Leopold Trepper - pochodzący z Polski, radziecki szpieg podczas II wojny światowej, organizator i szef organizacji znanej jako Czerwona Orkiestra.
- Леопо́льд Тре́ппер — советский разведчик, организатор и руководитель советской разведывательной сети в западной Европе во время Второй мировой войны, известной как «Красная капелла». До и после своего участия в разведывательной службе работал журналистом и редактором в различных изданиях на идише под псевдонимом Лейб Домб.
- Leopold Trepper II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Batı Avrupa’da faaliyet gösteren geniş bir casusluk teşkilatını organize eden ve yöneten Sovyet casusudur. Bu teşkilat haberalma jargonunda Kızıl Orkestra – Trepper Grubu olarak bilinir.
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- Leopold Trepper was an organizer of the Soviet spy ring Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) prior to and during World War II. Leopold Trepper was born to a Jewish family on February 23, 1904, in Nowy Targ, Poland (part of Austria-Hungary in that time). His family moved to Vienna, Austria, when he was child. After the October Revolution he joined the Bolsheviks and worked in the Galician mines. In 1923, he organized a strike in Kraków and was imprisoned for eight months.
- Leopold Trepper war ein polnischer Kommunist, Widerstandskämpfer und Publizist jüdischer Herkunft.
- Leopold Zakharovitch Treper, alias Leiba Domb, « Jean Gilbert » et « Le Grand Chef », est un organisateur politique polonais et espion soviétique, ayant participé à la Résistance allemande au nazisme.
- Trepper nacque in Polonia in una famiglia ebraica; si avvicinò inizialmente al movimento sionista dal quale prese poi fortemente le distanze, lasciando il lavoro di minatore e anche l'università. Lasciata la Polonia, si trasferì in un kibbutz e diventò un militante comunista nelle file del Partito Comunista di Palestina.
- レオポルド・トレッペル（英語: Leopold Trepper、1904年2月23日 - 1982年1月19日）は、赤いオーケストラと呼ばれたソ連のスパイである。ユダヤ人。
- Leopold Zakharovitsj Trepper was een Poolse verzetsstrijder in de Tweede Wereldoorlog van Joodse komaf. Vanaf de middelbare school voelde Trepper zich min of meer aangetrokken door de communistische ideeën van Karl Marx. Hij ging vroegtijdig van school af en ging allerlei beroepen uitoefenen. Tijdens deze periode hield hij zich bezig met betogingen en daardoor moest hij al snel onderduiken. Hij vluchtte naar het mandaatgebied Palestina en ging daar wonen.
- Leopold Trepper - pochodzący z Polski, radziecki szpieg podczas II wojny światowej, organizator i szef organizacji znanej jako Czerwona Orkiestra.
- Леопо́льд Тре́ппер — советский разведчик, организатор и руководитель советской разведывательной сети в западной Европе во время Второй мировой войны, известной как «Красная капелла».
- Leopold Trepper II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Batı Avrupa’da faaliyet gösteren geniş bir casusluk teşkilatını organize eden ve yöneten Sovyet casusudur. Bu teşkilat haberalma jargonunda Kızıl Orkestra – Trepper Grubu olarak bilinir.
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