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- Leonora Piper (born Leonore Simmonds, 1857 - died 1950) - According to psychologist G. Stanley Hall, historian Frank Podmore, magician and puzzler Martin Gardner, pulitzer winning science writer Deborah Blum, historian Ruth Brandon, and magic historian Milbourne Christopher, Leonora Piper is the most famous trance medium in the history of Spiritualism. For a quarter of a century she provided the most convincing evidence for the reality of life after death or telepathy to some of the keenest, predominately male, minds in science. Mrs. Piper was a simple middle class house wife. She never was a "professional medium" and she did not read for the general public. After the death of Richard Hodgson in 1905, sittings were only arranged through her manager George E. Dorr, representing the English Society for the Study for Psychical Research. Her sittings were not free. Piper avoided the company of spiritualists, had never regulary attended seances, and did not subscribe to or read spiritualist publications. But she did read at some length the publications of the Society for Psychical Research, especially the accounts of her own sittings. Piper claimed to have no memory regarding her sittings. Piper also claimed she did not receive telepathic messages. Among those who studied Mrs. Piper’s mediumship were prominent scientists: Sir Oliver Lodge, Dr. Richard Hodgson, and professors James Hyslop and William James. Among her investigators and sitters the loss of a dear loved one was usually a common factor in the 19th century. After twelve sittings James Hyslop was convinced the answer to Mrs. Piper's esoteric messages was that she communicated with spirits of the dead and strongly denied the possibility of messages coming from her subconscious mind and deception. Hyslop was certain he had spoken to his deceased father through Mrs. Piper and her control. Even though Mrs. Piper was a believer in her extraordinary powers, her manager, George E Dorr, invited further investigation. Dorr set up six sittings with Dr.G. Stanley Hall, psychologist, and his assistant, Amy Tanner, from Clark University. (A sitting with Mrs. Piper about 1910 cost $20.00. This would be equivalent to $456.60 in 2008. Mrs. Piper made about $1000.00 per year from her sittings. This would be equivalent to $22830.14 in 2008). Three were to be paid for by Hall and the other three were free, coming from Dorr's pocket. Several times before Hall had attempted to get sittings through Richard Hodgson, who kept her dates from 1887 till his death in 1905, with no success. Hall was told all her available time and strength were monopolised by psychic researchers and that a man of uncertain purposes outside their circle might mar the quality of her work. In 1909 Dr.G. Stanley Hall and Amy Tanner had six sittings with Mrs. Piper. The use of a stenographer was not allowed. A pledge was given that no experiments were to be performed that might affect the medium's power. Piper sat at a table and rested her head on a pillow. Piper's ears were never covered at any time before, during, or after trance. It was claimed Piper only heard sounds during trance through the palm of her right hand that was placed close to a sitter's mouth. The sitter had to speak loudly or shout and was often asked to repeat their words into the hand. Piper's other deaf left hand wrote answers and questions, often illegible, on a pad with a pencil. The writing hand paused at the end of each completed page below the pad, so the top completed page could be torn off and read by those in the sitting room. While Piper is in trance Dorr had assured and almost invited sitters to move about and converse in low tones. As it becomes apparent to the sitters Piper is in a truly deep sleep and will not awaken, they are soon whispering and then speaking freely, believing Piper cannot hear a word. Yet the immediate control during trance has told sitters he does not like their whispering because it makes him suspicious. Also during trance the control has reponded to other private conversations within the sitting room. Out of trance Piper was poor at remembering names, but good at remembering both faces and voices, especially voices. The team of Hall and Tanner did not agree with Hyslop's conclusions. Hyslop estimated about 1910 that $75,000 (equivalent to $1,712,260.20 in 2008) had been spent on the investigation and the publishing of Mrs. Piper's case. 2000 pages had been printed in The Society for Psychical Research's Prooceedings.
- Leonora Evelina Simonds Piper oli yhdysvaltalainen psyykikko. Hän työskenteli transsimeediona ja oli eläessään laajojen tutkimusten kohteena. Eräät tutkijat, kuten William James, vakuuttuivat hänen kyvyistään. Hän on eräs kuuluisimmista koskaan eläneistä meedioista. Hän työskenteli sekä Yhdysvalloissa että Englannissa ja harjoitti myös automaattikirjoittamista.
- Леонора Пайпер (Leonora Piper, 1857—1950) — американский «трансовый» медиум, одна из ключевых фигур в спиритуализме конца XIX — начала XX века. Последователи спиритуализма считают, что именно с её помощью (в частности, в ходе так называемой «перекрёстной переписки») были получены наиболее убедительные доказательства реальности посмертного существования человеческого духа, а также исследованы возможности общения живущих людей с умершими. Именно под впечатлением от сеансов Пайпер к спиритуализму окончательно примкнули сэр Оливер Лодж, доктор Ричард Ходжсон, профессор Джеймс Хайслоп и другие авторитетные представители науки. Миссис Пайпер, в отличие от многих её коллег, до конца жизни сохранила безупречную репутацию. Для основателя философии прагматизма Уильяма Джеймса, который первым взялся изучать её феномен, миссис Пайпер стала, «той белой вороной в спиритуализме, существования которой достаточно, чтобы опровергнуть утверждение, что все вороны черны».
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- Leonora Piper (born Leonore Simmonds, 1857 - died 1950) - According to psychologist G. Stanley Hall, historian Frank Podmore, magician and puzzler Martin Gardner, pulitzer winning science writer Deborah Blum, historian Ruth Brandon, and magic historian Milbourne Christopher, Leonora Piper is the most famous trance medium in the history of Spiritualism.
- Leonora Evelina Simonds Piper oli yhdysvaltalainen psyykikko. Hän työskenteli transsimeediona ja oli eläessään laajojen tutkimusten kohteena. Eräät tutkijat, kuten William James, vakuuttuivat hänen kyvyistään. Hän on eräs kuuluisimmista koskaan eläneistä meedioista. Hän työskenteli sekä Yhdysvalloissa että Englannissa ja harjoitti myös automaattikirjoittamista.
- Леонора Пайпер (Leonora Piper, 1857—1950) — американский «трансовый» медиум, одна из ключевых фигур в спиритуализме конца XIX — начала XX века.
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