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- Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) is a database and universal standard for identifying medical laboratory observations. It was developed and is maintained by the Regenstrief Institute, Inc. , a US non-profit medical research organization, in 1994. LOINC was created in response to the demand for an electronic database for clinical care and management and is publicly available at no cost. It is endorsed by the American Clinical Laboratory Association and the College of American Pathologist. Since its inception, the database has expanded to include not just medical and laboratory code names, but also: nursing diagnosis, nursing interventions, outcomes classification, and patient care data set. LOINC applies universal code names and identifiers to medical terminology related to the Electronic health record. The purpose is to assist in the electronic exchange and gathering of clinical results (such as laboratory tests, clinical observations, outcomes management and research). HL7 is now the preferred standard to electronically transfer results from different reporting systems to the appropriate healthcare networks. However, the health information enclosed is identified by a multiplicity of code values that may vary according to the entity producing those results. This has obvious disadvantages to the healthcare network that may need to adopt different codes to access and manage information coming from multiple sources. Managed care providers, for example, often have negotiated contracts that reimburse episodes of care and unique coding to trigger automated claim payment. Mapping each entity-specific code to its corresponding universal code can represent a significant investment of both human and financial capital. A universal code system will enable facilities and departments across the world to receive and send results from their areas for comparison and consultation and contribute toward a larger public health initiative of improving clinical outcomes and quality of care. LOINC is one of the standards for use in U.S. Federal Government systems for the electronic exchange of clinical health information. In 1999, it was identified by the HL7 Standards Development Organization as a preferred code set for laboratory test names in transactions between health care facilities, laboratories, laboratory testing devices, and public health authorities. A formal, distinct, and unique 6-part name is given to each term for test or observation identity. The database currently has over 41,000 observation terms that can be accessed and understood universally. Each database record includes six fields for the unique specification of each identified single test, observation, or measurement: Component- what is measured, evaluated, or observed Kind of property- characteristics of what is measured, such as length, mass, volume, time stamp and so on Time aspect- interval of time over which the observation or measurement was made System- context or specimen type within which the observation was made Type of scale- the scale of measure. The scale may be quantitative, ordinal, nominal or narrative Type of method- procedure used to make the measurement or observation A unique code is assigned to each entry upon registration. Other database fields include status and mapping information for database change management, synonyms, related terms, substance information, choices of answers for nominal scales, translations. Some of the advantages resulting from adopting LOINC may include improved communication in integrated healthcare delivery networks, improved community wide electronic health records, the automatic transfer to public health authorities of case reports for reportable diseases (e.g. for disease control or detection of epidemics), improved transfer of payment information for services rendered and a significant improvement in the overall quality of health care by reducing errors in the system. The fact that universal standards are being promoted (if not adopted by national organizations and agencies) is an indication that the dialogue will continue regarding the development, structure, financing, monitoring, enforcement, and integration of standards within the broader health care system. International interest in LOINC continues to grow. A number of efforts have been undertaken to translate the LOINC documents and terms into various languages, such as Simplified Chinese, German, Spanish. For more information on LOINC International, see LOINC International. Currently(as of January, 2009), the software RELMA(Regenstrief LOINC Mapping Assistant) is available in separate downloads that contain an additional word index in Spanish or Simplified Chinese that allows searching in these languages in addition to English.
- Die Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) sind eine Zusammenstellung allgemeingültiger Namen und Identifikatoren zur Bezeichnung von Untersuchungs- und Testergebnissen aus Labor und Klinik. Ziel ist die Erleichterung des elektronischen Datenaustauschs bei der Übermittlung medizinischer Untersuchungsergebnisse und Befunddaten. Für den Austausch strukturierter Dokumente und Nachrichten wird die Verwendung von LOINC empfohlen von HL7 und DICOM. Die Terminologie wird ständig erweitert und regelmäßig in Form einer Datenbank publiziert, die Pflege und Dokumentation der LOINC-Datenbank liegt beim Regenstrief Institute (Indianapolis, USA). In Deutschland wird die Einführung von LOINC vom DIMDI gefördert, das auch den Informationsaustausch mit den zuständigen nationalen und internationalen Instituten, Projektgruppen und mit der Industrie übernimmt. Die folgenden Felder werden zur Spezifikation eines LOINC-Ausdrucks verwendet: Komponente (Analyt) – z. B. Kalium, Hämoglobin, Hepatitis-C Antigen Gemessene Eigenschaft – z. B. Stoff-Konzentration, Enzym-Aktivität (Katalysegeschwindigkeit) Zeitangaben - entweder handelt es sich um eine Untersuchung zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt oder um eine Untersuchung innerhalb einer bestimmten Zeitspanne – z. B. 24-Stunden-Urin Art der Probe – z. B. Urin, Blut. Art der Skalierung – z. B. ob die Messung quantitativ (Maßgenauigkeit), ordinal (mit abgestuften Alternativen), nominal (z. B. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) oder als Textdarstellung (z. B. das Ergebnis nach Diktat bei Röntgenuntersuchungen) erfolgte. Sofern erforderlich wird die Methode angegeben, mit der das Ergebnis erzielt oder andere Beobachtungen gemacht wurden. Neben den Datenfeldern für diese sechsteilige Bezeichnung für jeden LOINC-Code enthält die Datenbank Abkürzungen, Bezugswörter, Synonyme und Kommentare für alle Untersuchungen. In weiteren Datenfeldern sind für viele Codes zusätzliche informative Angaben enthalten (z. B. typische Maßeinheiten, Normbereiche für Proben, CAS-Nummern).
- LOINC — Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes Имена и коды врачебных и лабораторных наблюдений. терминологический стандарт используется для медицинских сообщений и документирования.
- 观测指标标识符逻辑命名与编码系统（Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes，LOINC） 是一部数据库和通用标准，用于标识实验室及临床观测指标。LOINC数据库旨在促进临床观测指标结果的交换与共享。其中，LOINC术语涉及用于临床医疗护理、结局管理和临床研究等目的的各种临床观测指标，如血红蛋白、血清钾、各种生命体征等。当前，大多数实验室及其他诊断服务部门都在采用或倾向于采用HL7等类似的卫生信息传输标准，以电子消息的形式，将其结果数据从报告系统发送至临床医疗护理系统。然而，在标识这些检验项目或观测指标的时候，这些实验室或诊断服务部门采用的却是其自己内部独有的代码。这样，临床医疗护理系统除非也采用结果产生和发送方的实验室或观测指标代码，否则，就不能对其接收到的这些结果信息加以完全的“理解”和正确的归档；而当存在多个数据来源的情况下，除非花费大量的财力、物力和人力将多个结果产生方的编码系统与接受方的内部编码系统加以一一对照，否则上述方法就难以奏效。作为实验室检验项目和临床观测指标通用标识符的LOINC代码解决的就是这一问题。 LOINC数据库实验室部分所收录的术语涵盖了化学、血液学、血清学、微生物学（包括寄生虫学和病毒学）以及毒理学等常见类别或领域；还有与药物相关的检测指标，以及在全血细胞计数或脑脊髓液细胞计数中的细胞计数指标等类别的术语。LOINC数据库临床部分的术语则包括生命体征、血液动力学、液体的摄入与排出、心电图、产科超声、心脏回波、泌尿道成像、胃镜检查、呼吸机管理、精选调查问卷及其他领域的多类临床观测指标。 Regenstrief研究院（Regenstrief Institute, Inc. ）最初于1994年建立了LOINC，且至今一直负责着它的维护工作。Regenstrief研究院是一家国际上公认的非营利性医学研究机构。LOINC是针对临床医疗保健与管理工作在电子数据库方面的需求而创建的。公众可免费获得和使用LOINC。Regenstrief 研究院（Regenstrief Institute）一直负责并承担着LOINC数据库及其支持文档的维护工作。
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