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- Judaizers refers to those who claim the necessity of obedience to the Torah Laws by Christians, which is normally considered a requisite only for the followers of Judaism, the parent religion of Christianity. Similarly, "one who has Judaized" refers to a Christian who has accepted the necessity of adhering to the Torah Laws, see also Biblical law in Christianity. The ongoing debate over Judaizing in Christianity, which began in the lifetime of the apostles, reflects the contemporaneous debate within Judaism as to the place of Gentiles with regard to the Law of Moses, see also Proselyte, Noahide Law, Jewish background to the early Christian circumcision controversy, and Dual-covenant theology. Distinct uses of the term "Judaizers" include: Adherence by Gentile Christians to the Torah Laws originally given to the Israelites (i.e. the 613 Laws given to Israel at Sinai). That Gentile Christians should convert to Judaism and obey the Laws of Moses was the assumption of some in the Early Church, represented by Pharisees who had become believers in Acts 15 . This was the Jewish Christian version of the opinion within Judaism that Gentiles should convert to Judaism in order to be right with God. This opinion is traced by some scholars to a faction within early Christianity after the crucifixion of Jesus led by Jesus' brother James the Just. Saint Paul opposed this position, with a Jewish Christian version of the opposite opinion in Judaism that Gentiles did not need to convert and obey the entire Law of Moses. See also Hellenistic Judaism. This conflict between Saint Paul and his opponents was the reason for the Council of Jerusalem. Here James, Paul, and the other leaders of the early Christian movement agreed that Gentile converts needed only to follow the "three exceptions", laws that roughly coincide with Judaism's Seven Laws of Noah said to be established by God for all humankind. This Apostolic Decree, still observed by the Orthodox Church, is similar to that adopted by Rabbinic Judaism, which teaches that Gentiles need only follow the Noachide Laws to be assured of a place in the World to Come. See also Dual-covenant theology. Adherence by Gentile Christians to Torah Laws intended for Gentiles. The "three exceptions" resolved by the Council of Acts 15 indicate that the apostles accepted that those portions of the Law of Moses (the Torah) intended for Gentiles (later known as the Laws of Noah) would apply to Gentile Christians. Extra-Biblical evidence shows that, at least in some areas (especially in the East), this included observances beyond the three exceptions, such as a Christianized form of Passover, Day of Atonement, and Sabbath. But other Gentile Christian communities (especially in the West), evolved in an increasingly anti-Jewish direction that interpreted Paul's teaching to mean that all Torah Laws are redundant "now that Salvation by Faith is available thru Jesus' atoning death". From this latter point of view, any practice associated with Judaism came to be seen as a rejection of God's salvific gift, even the prohibition of blood which is listed among the "three exceptions" in Acts 15 (though the prohibition of blood was only rejected in the Western Church and not until the Middle Ages). The prohibitions against fornication and idolatry are still observed by most Christian denominations even though they originated as Jewish law. See also Antinomianism and Marcionism and The Law of Christ. Continuance of observance of Torah by Jews who have (willingly or forcibly) converted to Gentile Christianity. This behavior was particularly persecuted between 1300 and 1800 under the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions, using as a basis the many references in the Pauline epistles regarding the "Law as a curse" and the futility of relying on the Law for attaining salvation, known as legalism. Thus, in spite of Paul's agreement at the Council of Jerusalem, Gentile Christianity came to understand that any Torah Laws (with the exception of the Ten Commandments and Natural Law) were anathema, not only to Gentile Christians but even to Christians of Jewish extraction. Under the Inquisition, the penalty to a converted Jew for "Judaizing" was usually death by burning. More generally, then, the term "Judaizing" has come to refer to following any mixture of Jewish traditions or laws, by a Christian (whether of Gentile or Jewish extraction). The term should not be confused with "Conversion to Judaism" (i.e. conversion away from Christianity and into Judaism). Rather, Judaizer remains a term associated with Christianity and the question of adherence to Torah Laws. See also Dual-covenant theology.
- Judaisten ist ein in der frühchristlichen Literatur verwendeter Begriff, um christlich-jüdische Gruppen zu bezeichnen, die sich an die jüdischen Gesetze und Bräuche, insbesondere an die Beschneidung, hielten und dies für alle Christen befürworteten.. Für sie war das Zentrum des christlichen Kultes weiter Jerusalem. Aufgrund der raschen Entfremdung der Juden von der christlichen Kirche, hielt sich diese Strömung jedoch nicht sehr lange. Diese durch christliche Missionare verbreitete Lehre wurde im Galaterbrief durch Paulus und später durch Justinus (Dialog 47) und Irenäus (Adversus haereses. I 26,2) bekämpft. Am längsten hielt sie sich in der Form der Ebioniten und Nazarener (bis Anfang des 2. Jahrhunderts). Das Wort stammt aus dem griechischen ἰουδαΐζω (ioudaizo), das mit der Bedeutung „nach den jüdischen Sitten Leben“ in der griechischen Übersetzung des Buches Ester und im Galaterbrief belegt ist. Flavius Josephus verwendet einmal das Verb mit der Bedeutung „die Juden begünstigen“ (Bell. Iud. 2,463).
- Dans l'Église primitive, un judaïsant est un chrétien d'origine juive qui considérait l'observance de la loi mosaïque (circoncision, régime alimentaire, etc) comme nécessaire au salut. Ce terme prit un sens péjoratif particulièrement après le III siècle, pour décrier les groupes Judéo-chrétiens comme les ébionites et les Nazaréens, qui croyaient que les successeurs grecs de Jésus avaient besoin de la circoncision. C'était un terme raccourci pour décrire la tradition orale de la conversion d'un Gentil en un Juif pour le rendre capable d'observer la Loi juive.
- Nella Chiesa primitiva, un giudaizzante era un cristiano d'origine ebraica che conservava l'osservanza della Legge mosaica, della circoncisione, del regime alimentare e altre disposizioni ancora della legge ebraica, ritenendo tutto ciò necessario per la propria salvezza eterna. Il termine assunse un significato peggiorativo, specie dopo il III secolo, per descrivere i gruppi giudeo-cristiani, come gli Ebioniti e i Nazirei, che credevano che i successori greci di Gesù avessero bisogno della circoncisione. Era un termine sintetico per descrivere la tradizione orale della conversione di un Gentile in un Ebreo, al fine di renderlo idoneo ad osservare la Legge ebraica.
- Judaizanci to określenie chrześcijan, którzy propagują i wprowadzają do teologii i form kultu elementy judaizmu. Niekiedy określa się tak radykalnych antytrynitarzy oraz konwertytów z chrześcijaństwa na judaizm. Po raz pierwszy określenia "judaizanci" użył w IV w. św. Jan Chryzostom (w traktacie Adversus Judaeos) wobec chrześcijan z Antiochii, którzy porzucali wiarę w Jezusa Chrystusa i stawali się żydami. W czasach reformacji w XVI w. i XVII w. określano tak antytrynitarzy, którzy jak Miguel Servet, Mateo Garibaldi i Faust Socyn negowali istnienie Trójcy Świętej i kwestionowali boskość Jezusa. W XV w. w Rosji pojawiły się grupy tzw. bogomiłów żidowstwujuszczich, którzy głosili m. in. antytrynitaryzm. Do najbardziej znanych działaczy należeli Abraham ze Smoleńska oraz pop Ezajasz, który po wygnaniu z Moskwy uciekł do Polski i tu przyczynił się do utworzenia grupy "judaizantów" wśród braci polskich. W Polsce w XVI w. judaizantami lub unitarianami, a najczęściej nowochrzczeńcami czy nurkami, nazywano radykalny odłam braci polskich (arian) na Lubelszczyźnie i na Litwie, którzy zaprzeczali boskości Jezusa oraz głosili m. in. radykalny pacyfizm chrześcijański, zniesienie poddaństwa chłopów oraz zakaz zabijania ludzi i zwierząt. Do najbardziej znanych judaizantów należeli: Marcin Czechowic, Walenty Krawiec i Jan Niemojewski. Niektórzy z nich jak np. Szymon Budny głosili szacunek dla judaizmu i stawiali tę religię za wzór dla chrześcijaństwa w dziedzinie edukacji religijnej. Należy przy tym wyjaśnić, że zarówno Czechowic jak i Niemojewski byli długi czas w opozycji wobec Szymona Budnego właśnie przez krytykowany u niego prymat Starego Testamentu, który kazał sprzeciwiać się radykalnemu pacyfizmowi i dopuszczał sprawowanie urzędów. Arianie, postrzegani jako judaizanci przez ich otoczenie, w większości swych odłamów uważali się raczej za prawdziwych chrystian kierujących się ewangelią, a w XVII wieku coraz większy nacisk kładli na zgodność wiary z rozumem. Skojarzenia z judaizmem brały się głównie z poglądów i działalności litewskiej grupy Budnego i popularnego w swoim czasie wśród co radykalniejszych arian usuwania symboli krzyża jako sprzecznych z przykazaniem bożym symboli bałwochwalstwa. W XX w. judaizantami lub "Czarnymi Żydami" nazywano Afroamerykanów w USA, którzy przyjmowali judaizm jako formę protestu przeciwko dyskryminacji rasowej ze strony "białych" chrześcijan.
- Judaizantes são pessoas que, não sendo etnicamente israelita ou passado por uma conversão formal, seguem parte da religião e tradição judaica. O termo foi usado no Novo Testamento para referir aos cristãos hebreus que requiram que os cristãos gentios seguisse leis mosaicas. A antiguidade e a mística do judaísmo atrai muita gente. São vários grupos em todos os continentes que observam práticas judaizantes. Normalmente clamam uma descendência judaica obscura e impossível de confirmar. Como é o caso do Israelismo Britânico no Reino Unido, que dizem ser descendentes das tribos perdidas de Israel e que a família real britânica é descendente de David. Ou dos Judíos Índios do México, que clamam serem descendentes de Luis de Carvajal. No Brasil existem grupos protestantes, na maior parte Pentecostais e Adventistas, que clamam descendência marrana e tentam provar por genealogias e clamando ter costumes judaicos (na maior parte dos casos os costumes são de judeus askenazitas, da Europa oriental e não dos judeus sefarditas da Ibéria). O Cristianismo desde de Paulo e o Concílio de Jerusalém condena que imposições judaizantes sejam praticadas por gentios. Ainda no século IV em oito homílias Adversus Judaeos (Contra os Judaizantes), João Crisóstomo prega contra essa doutrina. O Judaísmo também vê essa prática como um sacrilégio ao suas tradições sacras.
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- Judaizers refers to those who claim the necessity of obedience to the Torah Laws by Christians, which is normally considered a requisite only for the followers of Judaism, the parent religion of Christianity. Similarly, "one who has Judaized" refers to a Christian who has accepted the necessity of adhering to the Torah Laws, see also Biblical law in Christianity.
- Judaisten ist ein in der frühchristlichen Literatur verwendeter Begriff, um christlich-jüdische Gruppen zu bezeichnen, die sich an die jüdischen Gesetze und Bräuche, insbesondere an die Beschneidung, hielten und dies für alle Christen befürworteten.. Für sie war das Zentrum des christlichen Kultes weiter Jerusalem. Aufgrund der raschen Entfremdung der Juden von der christlichen Kirche, hielt sich diese Strömung jedoch nicht sehr lange.
- Dans l'Église primitive, un judaïsant est un chrétien d'origine juive qui considérait l'observance de la loi mosaïque (circoncision, régime alimentaire, etc) comme nécessaire au salut. Ce terme prit un sens péjoratif particulièrement après le III siècle, pour décrier les groupes Judéo-chrétiens comme les ébionites et les Nazaréens, qui croyaient que les successeurs grecs de Jésus avaient besoin de la circoncision.
- Nella Chiesa primitiva, un giudaizzante era un cristiano d'origine ebraica che conservava l'osservanza della Legge mosaica, della circoncisione, del regime alimentare e altre disposizioni ancora della legge ebraica, ritenendo tutto ciò necessario per la propria salvezza eterna.
- Judaizanci to określenie chrześcijan, którzy propagują i wprowadzają do teologii i form kultu elementy judaizmu. Niekiedy określa się tak radykalnych antytrynitarzy oraz konwertytów z chrześcijaństwa na judaizm. Po raz pierwszy określenia "judaizanci" użył w IV w. św. Jan Chryzostom (w traktacie Adversus Judaeos) wobec chrześcijan z Antiochii, którzy porzucali wiarę w Jezusa Chrystusa i stawali się żydami. W czasach reformacji w XVI w. i XVII w.
- Judaizantes são pessoas que, não sendo etnicamente israelita ou passado por uma conversão formal, seguem parte da religião e tradição judaica. O termo foi usado no Novo Testamento para referir aos cristãos hebreus que requiram que os cristãos gentios seguisse leis mosaicas. A antiguidade e a mística do judaísmo atrai muita gente. São vários grupos em todos os continentes que observam práticas judaizantes.
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