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- Jaqaru and Kawki are languages that belong to the Jaqi family of languages (also known as Aymara or Aru), to which Altiplano Aymara also belongs. It is spoken in the districts of Tupe and Catahuasi in the province of Yauyos, within the Peruvian department of Lima. Jaqaru is spoken in Tupe and the surrounding villages of Aysha and Qullqa (Aisa and Colca), and has at most some 3,000 native speakers, nearly all of them Spanish bilinguals and many of whom have now migrated to Lima. Kawki is spoken in the nearby communities of Cachuy, Canchán, Caipán and Chavín, by a very small number of mostly elderly individuals (9 surviving in early 2005) and is a dying language. Though some researchers have grouped Jaqaru and Kawki together as varieties of the same language, Dr. M. J. Hardman has found much evidence to suggest that the two are in fact separate languages. While Hardman initially believed the two languages to be one same, she discovered through fieldwork with speakers of both languages that the two, while sharing a degree of mutual intelligibility, are not the same. Native speakers of one language were unable to understand tape recordings of people speaking the other, and in cases of marriages between Kawki and Jaqaru speakers, the home language was Spanish. Historical analysis shows that the two languages were out of contact with one another for a period of time, and only since coming back into contact with one another have commonalities been found that have led some to surmise that Jaqaru and Kawki are the same language. There exist clear differences between Jaqaru and Kawki in regard to morphology. Jaqaru has ten verb persons, whereas Kawki has only nine (due to a case of homophony wherein Kawki maintained the semantic distinction between two different person markers, but lost the form distinction between the two). Additionally, regressive vowel harmony is present throughout the verb person system in Jaqaru, but does not appear in Kawki. Phonologically, Kawki is differentiated from Jaqaru in its vowel system. Jaqaru contains six vowels- three of regular length and three short, whereas Kawki has only the three regular-length vowels. Terminology for the wider language family of which Jaqaru and Kawki are a part (together with Aymara) has not reached consensus. Dr. Hardman proposes that the linguistic family to which these three languages belong is the Jaqi family of languages (1978). Other widely respected Peruvian linguists have proposed alternative names for the same language family. Alfredo Torero uses the term 'Aru' ('speech') (citation needed); Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, meanwhile, has proposed that the term 'Aymara' should be used for the whole family, distinguished into two branches, Southern (or Altiplano) Aymara and Central Aymara (i.e. Jaqaru and Kawki) (citation needed). Each of these three proposals has its followers in Andean linguistics. In English usage, some linguists use the term Aymaran for the family, reserving 'Aymara' for the Altiplano branch (citation needed). While it is common to refer to Jaqaru and Kawki as “dialects” of Aymara (since the Aymara group is the largest of the three), Dr. Hardman avoids using Aymara as the language classification, as the word ‘Aymara’ in both Kawki and Jaqaru is a term of insult. The term ‘Aru’ (‘to speak’) is also avoided because while it is still used in Kawki and Jaqaru, Aymara defaults to the Spanish borrowing ‘parlaña’ to mean ‘to speak’ (1978). While Jaqaru and Kawki are related, they are not interchangeable—neither in terms of naming the language, nor in terms of use. These languages are part of the Jaqi linguistic family, which is found in the Andes mountains of South America, today primarily in Peru and Bolivia, with some small communities in northern Chile and a large immigrant community in Argentina.
- Jaqaru/Kawki ist eine Sprache in Peru, die wie das Aymara zur Aru-Sprachfamilie gehört. Sie wird in den Distrikten Tupe und Catahuasi in der Provinz Yauyos im Departement Lima gesprochen. Jaqaru [= jaqi aru] bedeutet "Menschensprache", Kawki dagegen "wo?". In der Jaqaru-Sprache werden beide Begriffe gleichermaßen als Selbstbezeichnung verwendet. Linguisten verwenden die beiden Ausdrücke jedoch zur Unterscheidung zweier Sprachgruppen: Jaqaru wird in Tupe und den Dörfern der Umgebung (Aisa und Colca) gesprochen. Es hat höchstens 3000 Sprecher, die fast alle daneben auch Spanisch sprechen und von denen viele nach Lima abgewandert sind. Kawki wird in den benachbarten Gemeinden Cachuy, Canchán, Caipán und Chavín gesprochen. Es gibt nur noch wenige, alte Sprecher (9 Personen Anfang 2005). Der ISO 639-3 Code lautet jqr.
- Jaqaru či kawki je minoritní domorodý jazyk z ajmarské jazykové rodiny. Hovoří jím okolo 500 mluvčích v oblasti jihovýchodně od Limy v provincii Yauyos ve vesnicích Tupe, Aiza a Colca. Název jazyka v překladu znamená lidská řeč. Podle Marthy J. Hardman je nutné rozlišovat dva jazyky, a to jaqaru a kawki, i když si jsou velmi podobné.
- El jacaru (de jaqaru) o aimara tupino es un idioma de la familia aimara o Jaqi, a la que también pertenece el idioma aimara. Se extiende por los distritos de Tupe y Catahuasi en la provincia de Yauyos, en la región peruana de Lima. Tiene gran cercanía con su lengua hermana, el aimara. Está poco documentada y tiene un número reducido de usuarios, la mayoría bilingües. La mayor parte de sus hablantes monolingües son mujeres (fue estudiado por la lingüista estadounidense Martha Hardman). En el jacaru, existen partículas de inventario cerrado que aparecen, con frecuencia, sin sufijos (a diferencia de las categorías léxicas, donde es muy rara la aparición de una raíz aislada). Se encuentran en esta última clase los saludos, las negaciones y las fórmulas especiales (por ejemplo, elementos equivalentes a "tal vez"). Asimismo, presenta palabras categoremáticas, que funcionan como pronombres. No existen en la lengua palabras morfemáticas; es decir, no hay artículos, preposiciones o conjunciones; las funciones correspondientes a estas palabras se expresan mediante sufijos. La gramática del jacaru presenta diferencias importantes respecto a de la del español.
- Ха́кару — этническая группа индейцев в горных районах Перу. Численность в конце 1970-х годов — 2—3 тыс. человек. В древности говорили на языке хакару, позднее перешли на родственный язык аймара, который также близок языку кауки (10—20 человек старшего поколения в селении Катуй). Большинство также владеют испанским языком. Верующие являются католиками..
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- Jaqaru and Kawki are languages that belong to the Jaqi family of languages (also known as Aymara or Aru), to which Altiplano Aymara also belongs. It is spoken in the districts of Tupe and Catahuasi in the province of Yauyos, within the Peruvian department of Lima. Jaqaru is spoken in Tupe and the surrounding villages of Aysha and Qullqa (Aisa and Colca), and has at most some 3,000 native speakers, nearly all of them Spanish bilinguals and many of whom have now migrated to Lima.
- Jaqaru/Kawki ist eine Sprache in Peru, die wie das Aymara zur Aru-Sprachfamilie gehört. Sie wird in den Distrikten Tupe und Catahuasi in der Provinz Yauyos im Departement Lima gesprochen. Jaqaru [= jaqi aru] bedeutet "Menschensprache", Kawki dagegen "wo?". In der Jaqaru-Sprache werden beide Begriffe gleichermaßen als Selbstbezeichnung verwendet.
- Jaqaru či kawki je minoritní domorodý jazyk z ajmarské jazykové rodiny. Hovoří jím okolo 500 mluvčích v oblasti jihovýchodně od Limy v provincii Yauyos ve vesnicích Tupe, Aiza a Colca. Název jazyka v překladu znamená lidská řeč. Podle Marthy J. Hardman je nutné rozlišovat dva jazyky, a to jaqaru a kawki, i když si jsou velmi podobné.
- El jacaru (de jaqaru) o aimara tupino es un idioma de la familia aimara o Jaqi, a la que también pertenece el idioma aimara. Se extiende por los distritos de Tupe y Catahuasi en la provincia de Yauyos, en la región peruana de Lima. Tiene gran cercanía con su lengua hermana, el aimara. Está poco documentada y tiene un número reducido de usuarios, la mayoría bilingües. La mayor parte de sus hablantes monolingües son mujeres (fue estudiado por la lingüista estadounidense Martha Hardman).
- Ха́кару — этническая группа индейцев в горных районах Перу. Численность в конце 1970-х годов — 2—3 тыс. человек.
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