In psychometrics, item response theory is a body of theory describing the application of mathematical models to data from questionnaires and tests as a basis for measuring abilities, attitudes, or other variables. It is used for statistical analysis and development of assessments, often for high stakes tests such as the Graduate Record Examination.

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  • In psychometrics, item response theory is a body of theory describing the application of mathematical models to data from questionnaires and tests as a basis for measuring abilities, attitudes, or other variables. It is used for statistical analysis and development of assessments, often for high stakes tests such as the Graduate Record Examination. Items may be questions that have incorrect and correct responses, statements on questionnaires that allow respondents to indicate level of agreement, or patient symptoms scored present/absent. IRT is based on the idea that the probability of a discrete outcome, such as a correct response to an item, is a mathematical function of person and item parameters. The person parameter is called latent trait or ability; it may, for example, represent a person's intelligence or the strength of an attitude. Item parameters include difficulty (location), discrimination (slope or correlation), and pseudoguessing (lower asymptote). Among other things, the purpose of IRT is to provide a framework for evaluating how well assessments work, and how well individual questions on assessments work. In education, psychometricians apply IRT in order to achieve tasks such as developing and refining exams, maintaining banks of items for exams, and equating for the difficulties of successive versions of exams (for example, to allow comparisons between results over time). While the concept of the item response function has been around since before 1950, the pioneering work of IRT as a theory occurred during the 1950s and 1960s. Three of the pioneers were the Educational Testing Service psychometrician Frederic M. Lord, the Danish mathematician Georg Rasch, and Austrian sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld, who pursued parallel research independently. However, while the mathematical groundwork was laid earlier, IRT did not become widely used until the late 1970s and 1980s when the advent of the personal computer provided the computer power necessary to a greater number of researchers.
  • Die Probabilistische Testtheorie (Item Response Theory) beschreibt, wie man aus Ergebnissen standardisierter psychometrischer Tests auf Persönlichkeitseigenschaften zurückschließen kann. Testtheorie wird sowohl auf Multiple Choice-Tests wie auch auf Tests mit offeneren Antwortformaten angewandt. Das Wort "probabilistisch" leitet sich aus der stochastischen Beziehung zwischen Antwortverhalten (Lösungswahrscheinlichkeit für ein item) und den postulierten Modellparametern (Bsp. Itemschwierigkeit, benötigte Fähigkeit) ab, welche in sogenannten IC-Funktionen (Item Characteristic) beschrieben werden. Anders ausgedrückt: Unter Kenntnis der Fähigkeit einer Person und der Itemschwierigkeit kann ich mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit 0<p<1 voraussagen, ob sie das Item lösen kann; jedoch nicht absolut (deterministische Modelle). Eines der bekanntesten probabilistischen Modelle ist das dichotome Rasch-Modell. Wichtige Anwendungen der Testtheorie sind: die PISA-Studien, der amerikanische SAT-Test.
  • La teoría de respuesta al ítem (TRI ó IRT por sus siglas más conocidas, en inglés), teoría del rasgo latente (TRL) o teoría de respuesta al reactivo (TRR), es un desarrollo reciente de la psicometría, y como tal se refiere también a un modelo matemático propuesto para medir el funcionamiento mental humano.
  • 項目応答理論(こうもくおうとうりろん)または項目反応理論(こうもくはんのうりろん)、略称IRT (Item Response Theory; Item Latent Theory)は、評価項目群への応答に基づいて、被験者の特性(認識能力、物理的能力、技術、知識、態度、人格特徴等)や、評価項目の難易度・識別力を測定するための試験理論である。この理論の主な特徴は、個人の能力値、項目の難易度といったパラメータを、評価項目への正誤のような離散的な結果から確率論的に求めようとする点である。 IRTでは、能力値や難易度のパラメータを推定し、データがモデルにどれくらい適合しているかを確かめ、評価項目の適切さを吟味することができる。従って、試験を開発・洗練させ、試験項目のストックを保守し、複数の試験の難易度を同等と見なす(例えば異なる時期に行われた試験の結果の比較をする)ためにIRTは有用である。また、コンピュータ適応型テスト(Computerized Adaptive Testing)もIRTによって可能になる。 より古典的なテスト理論(素点方式、偏差値方式)と比べると、IRTは、試験者が評価項目の信頼性の改善に役に立つ情報を提供し得る、標本(受験者)依存性・テスト依存性にとらわれずに不変的に受験者の能力値とテスト項目の難易度を求められる、という利点がある。 日本では試験にIRTを用いるようになったのは最近のことであるが、欧米諸国では既に広く使用されている。
  • A Teoria da Resposta ao Item, muitas vezes abreviada apenas por TRI, é uma modelagem estatística utilizada em medidas psicométricas, principalmente na área de avaliação de habilidades e conhecimentos.
  • IRT理论(Item Response Theory)是一系列心理统计学模型的总称。IRT是用来分析考试成绩或者问卷调查数据的数学模型。这些模型的目标是来确定的潜在心理特征(latent trait)是否可以通过测试题被反应出来,以及测试题和被测试者之间的互动关系。目前广泛应用在心理和教育测量领域。
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  • In psychometrics, item response theory is a body of theory describing the application of mathematical models to data from questionnaires and tests as a basis for measuring abilities, attitudes, or other variables. It is used for statistical analysis and development of assessments, often for high stakes tests such as the Graduate Record Examination.
  • Die Probabilistische Testtheorie (Item Response Theory) beschreibt, wie man aus Ergebnissen standardisierter psychometrischer Tests auf Persönlichkeitseigenschaften zurückschließen kann. Testtheorie wird sowohl auf Multiple Choice-Tests wie auch auf Tests mit offeneren Antwortformaten angewandt. Das Wort "probabilistisch" leitet sich aus der stochastischen Beziehung zwischen Antwortverhalten (Lösungswahrscheinlichkeit für ein item) und den postulierten Modellparametern (Bsp.
  • La teoría de respuesta al ítem (TRI ó IRT por sus siglas más conocidas, en inglés), teoría del rasgo latente (TRL) o teoría de respuesta al reactivo (TRR), es un desarrollo reciente de la psicometría, y como tal se refiere también a un modelo matemático propuesto para medir el funcionamiento mental humano.
  • A Teoria da Resposta ao Item, muitas vezes abreviada apenas por TRI, é uma modelagem estatística utilizada em medidas psicométricas, principalmente na área de avaliação de habilidades e conhecimentos.
  • IRT理论(Item Response Theory)是一系列心理统计学模型的总称。IRT是用来分析考试成绩或者问卷调查数据的数学模型。这些模型的目标是来确定的潜在心理特征(latent trait)是否可以通过测试题被反应出来,以及测试题和被测试者之间的互动关系。目前广泛应用在心理和教育测量领域。
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  • Item response theory
  • Probabilistische Testtheorie
  • Teoría de respuesta al ítem
  • 項目応答理論
  • Teoria da Resposta ao Item
  • IRT理论
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