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- The term information revolution (sometimes called also the "informational revolution") describes current economic, social and technological trends beyond the Industrial Revolution. Many competing terms have been proposed that focus on different aspects of this societal development. The British polymath crystallographer J. D. Bernal (1939) introduced the term "scientific and technical revolution" in his book The Social Function of Science in order to describe the new role that science and technology are coming to play within society. He asserted that science is becoming a "productive force", using the Marxist Theory of Productive Forces. After some controversy, the term was taken up by authors and institutions of the then-Soviet Bloc. Their aim was to show that socialism was a safe home for the scientific and technical ("technological" for some authors) revolution, referred to by the acronym STR. The book Civilization at the Crossroads, edited by the Czech philosopher Radovan Richta (1969), became a standard reference for this topic. Daniel Bell (1980) challenged this theory and advocated Post Industrial Society, which would lead to a service economy rather than socialism. Many other authors presented their views, including Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (1976) with his "Technetronic Society". The main feature of the information revolution is the economic, social and technological role of information. Information is the central theme of several new sciences, which emerged in the 1940s, including Shannon's (1949) Information Theory and Wiener's (1948) Cybernetics. Wiener (1948, p. 155) stated also: "information is information not matter or energy". This aphorism suggests that information should be considered along with matter and energy as the third constituent part of the Universe; information is carried by matter or energy. We can distinguish between information, data and knowledge. Data comes through research and collection. Information is organized data. Knowledge is built upon information. Data and information are easily transferrable; knowledge built by a person is not certain that it can be transferred to another. Following this, the notion of a "knowledge society" cannot be defined cogently. Information is then further considered as an economic activity, since firms and institutions are involved in its production, collection, exchange, distribution, circulation, processing, transmission, and control. Labor is also divided into physical labour(use of muscle power) and informational labour (use of intellectual power). A new economic sector is thereby identified, the Information Sector, which amalgamates information-related labour activities. Porat (1976) measured the Information Sector in the US using the input-output analysis; OECD has included statistics on the Information Sector in the economic reports of its member countries. Veneris explored the theoretical, economic and regional aspects of the Informational Revolution and developed a systems dynamics simulation computer model. These works can be seen as following the path originated with the work of Fritz Machlup who in his (1962) book "The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States", claimed that the "knowledge industry represented 29% of the US gross national product", which he saw as evidence that the Information Age has begun. He defines knowledge as a commodity and attempts to measure the magnitude of the production and distribution of this commodity within a modern economy. Machlup divided information use into three classes: instrumental, intellectual, and pastime knowledge. He identified also five types of knowledge: practical knowledge; intellectual knowledge, that is, general culture and the satisfying of intellectual curiosity; pastime knowledge, that is, knowledge satisfying non-intellectual curiosity or the desire for light entertainment and emotional stimulation; spiritual or religious knowledge; unwanted knowledge, accidentally acquired and aimlessly retained The term Information Revolution may be preferred to terms such as "Information Economy/Society", in order to relate to the widely used terms Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution. The activities which constitute the growing Information Sector did not come up with the Information Revolution. They existed, in one form or the other, in all human societies, and eventually developed into institutions, such as the Platonic Academy, Aristotle's Peripatetic school in the Lyceum, the Museum and the Library of Alexandria, or the schools of Babylonian astronomy. The Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution came up when new informational inputs were produced by individual innovators, or by scientific and technical institutions. During the Information Revolution all these activities are experiencing continuous growth, while other information-oriented activities are emerging. Fiang Irving (1997) identified six 'Information Revolutions': writing, printing, mass media, entertainment, the 'toolshed' (which we call 'home' now), and the Information Highway. In this work the term 'information revolution' is used in a narrow sense, to describe trends in communication media. The following fundamental aspects of the theory of the Informational Revolution can be given (Veneris 1984, 1990); these define also the Informational Revolution: 1. The object of economic activities can be conceptualised according to the fundamental distinction between matter, energy, and information. These apply both to the object of each economic activity, as well as within each economic activity or enterprise. For instance, an industry may process matter (e.g. iron) using energy and information (production and process technologies, management, etc). 2. Information is a factor of production, as well as a product sold in the market, that is, a commodity. As such, it acquires use value and exchange value, and therefore a price. 3. All products have use value, exchange value, and informational value. The latter can be measured by the information content of the product, in terms of innovation, design, etc. 4. Industries develop information-generating activities, the so-called Research and Development (R&D) functions. 5. Enterprises, and society at large, develop the information control and processing functions, in the form of management structures; these are also called "white-collar workers", "bureaucracy", "managerial functions", etc. 6. Labour can be classified according to the object of labour, into information labour and non-information labour. 7. Information activities constitute a large, new economic sector, the information sector along with the traditional primary sector, secondary sector, and tertiary sector, according to the three-sector hypothesis. These should be restated because they are based on the ambiguous definitions made by Colin Clark (1940), who included in the tertiary sector all activities that have not been included in the primary (agriculture, forestry, etc. ) and secondary (manufacturing) sectors. The quaternary sector and the quinary sector of the economy attempt to classify these new activities, but their definitions are not based on a clear conceptual scheme, although the latter is considered by some as equivalent with the information sector . 8. From a strategic point of view, sectors can be defined as information sector, means of production, means of consumption, thus extending the classical Ricardo-Marx model of the Capitalist mode of production. Marx stressed in many occasions the role of the "intellectual element" in production, but failed to find a place for it into his model. 9. Innovations are the result of the production of new information, as new products, new methods of production, patents, etc. Their diffusion manifests saturation effects, following certain cyclical patterns and creating "economic waves", also referred to as "business cycles". There are various types of waves, such as Kondratiev(54 years), Kuznets (18 years), Juglar (9 years) and Kitchin (about 4 years) distinguished by their nature, duration, and, thus, economic impact. 10. Innovations cause structural-sectoral shifts in the economy, which can be smooth or can create crisis and renewal, a process which Joseph Schumpeter called vividly "creative destruction".
- La rivoluzione informatica è un costrutto teorico all'interno del quale è possibile concettualizzare alcune tendenze nella società attuale. Sono stati proposti numerosi altri termini che si focalizzano su differenti aspetti di queste tendenze sociali. L'"uomo universale" britannico J. D. Bernal, esperto in cristallografia, scrivendo alla fine degli anni trenta introdusse il termine di rivoluzione tecnica e scientifica nel suo libro La funzione sociale della scienza, per descrivere il nuovo ruolo che la scienza e la tecnologia stavano venendo ad assumere. Il suo principale approccio era basato sul concetto che la scienza stava diventando una "forza produttiva", quindi un concetto che si innestava in maniera compatibile nella cornice marxista. Dopo alcune controversie, il termine fu adottato da autori ed istituzioni di quello che allora era il blocco sovietico. Il loro obiettivo era di mostrare che il socialismo reale era l'ambiente ideale per la rivoluzione tecnico-scientifica, cui ci si riferiva con l'acronimo STR (dall'inglese Scientific Technical Revolution). Il libro Civilization at the Crossroads fu pubblicato nel 1969 dal filosofo Radovan Richta e diventò un punto di riferimento standard per questo argomento. Nel 1980 Daniel Bell sfidò questo approccio con il suo testo La società post industriale, che prese in prestito il punto di vista per il quale la tendenza della società era verso quella di un'economia dei servizi, piuttosto che verso il successo del socialismo reale applicato nel blocco sovietico. Molti autori presentarono i loro punti di vista, compreso Zbigniew Brzezinski con il suo libro La società tecnotronica. La teoria alla base della STR è scarsamente concettualizzata, per molte ragioni. Marx prevedeva che l'ingresso della tecnologia nell'economia sarebbe avvenuta principalmente attraverso i nuovi mezzi di produzione, ovvero con la tecnologia applicata ai mezzi di produzione. Il suo modello a due settori non fa nessuna previsione del ruolo della tecnologia stessa. Nessuno dei modelli economici realizzati dagli economisti dell'era sovietica presero gli input tecnologici in seria considerazione. L'approccio di Bell sembra a sua volta essere pieno di incongruenze. Bell seguì Colin Clark nel 1940 dividendo l'economia in tre settori e precisamente il settore primario, il settore secondario ed il settore terziario (i cosiddetti servizi). Il modello di Clark non è applicabile alla New economy attuale perché il suo "terzo settore" risulta essere la rimanenza dei primi due. Perciò, per esempio, la vendita al dettaglio o la cura della persona sono inclusi nel settore terziario assieme alle telecomunicazioni e alla Tecnologia dell'informazione. Quindi non è possibile distinguere all'interno di questo settore, ad esempio, la vendita al dettaglio dal commercio online tramite carta di credito. Da questa suddivisione oramai obsoleta può nascere solo confusione. Così pure l'utilizzo del termine "post" mostra in ogni caso una scarsa concettualizzazione del fenomeno sociale, giacché sta semplicemente piazzando il fenomeno in successione a quello precedente senza considerazioni ontologiche approfondite ed appropriate. La caratteristica principale della cosiddetta New Economy è l'informazione. L'informazione assieme alla materia ed all'energia fa parte dei blocchi costitutivi dell'universo. L'informazione è anche il tema centrale delle nuove scienze, che emergono a partire dal 1940, e principalmente la definizione del campo di indagine della teoria dell'informazione ad opera di Claude E. Shannon nel 1949 e della cibernetica ad opera di Norbert Wiener nel 1948. L'informazione comincia a diventare sempre più un'attività economica, giacché industrie ed istituzioni sono coinvolte nella raccolta, elaborazione, produzione, trasmissione e distribuzione dell'informazione. Il lavoro stesso viene diviso tra lavoro informativo e lavoro manuale. Si fa dunque avanti l'esigenza di definire un nuovo settore economico, ovvero quello del settore dell'informazione, che avrebbe assorbito attività della vecchia suddivisione in secondario e terziario. Porat misurò negli Stati Uniti il settore dell'informazione utilizzando un approccio input-output; l'OECD ha incluso statistiche sul settore dell'informazione nelle relazioni economiche dei suoi stati membri. Veneris ha esplorato gli aspetti teorici, economici e regionali della rivoluzione informatica e sviluppato una dinamica dei sistemi, una simulazione ed un modello computazionale. Il termine rivoluzione dovrebbe essere preferito ad altri come "economia" o "società", per dare l'idea dei colossali cambiamenti sociali operati dalla rivoluzione agricola e dalla rivoluzione industriale.
- 情報革命（じょうほうかくめい、英: Information Revolution）は、情報技術の発展によって、社会や生活が変革することである。情報技術 (Information Technology=IT) との関係性から、IT革命（アイティーかくめい）ともいう。元々はイギリスの科学者でマルクス主義者のがマルクス主義の枠内で最初に用いたが、現在はマルクス主義とは別に広く定着している。
- Інформаційна революція (Information Revolution) — метафора, яка відображає революційний вплив ІТ на всі сфери життя суспільства в останній чверті ХХ сторіччя. Це явище інтегрує ефекти попередніх революційних винаходів в інформаційній сфері, оскільки створює технологічну основу для подолання будь-яких відстаней при передачі інформації, що сприяє об’єднанню інтелектуальних здібностей і духовних сил людства. Цей термін також застосовується для позначення чотирьох інформаційних революцій в історії людства, в результаті яких не лише кардинально змінювались способи обробки інформації, але й спосіб виробництва, стиль життя, системи цінностей. Інформаці́йні револю́ції Формування сучасного інформаційного суспільства стало результатом кількох інформаційних революцій, які відбулись в історії розвитку людської цивілізації, і які не лише кардинально змінювали способи обробки інформації, але й спосіб виробництва, стиль життя, системи цінностей: перша інформаційна революція пов'язана з появою писемності, уможливила передачу інформації, знань від покоління до покоління через її фіксацію в знаках та зруйнувала монополію вузького кола людей на знання; друга інформаційна революція була викликана винаходом та поширенням книгодрукування в XV ст. і розширила доступ до інформації широким верствам населення завдяки тиражуванню знань; третя інформаційна революція (кінець ХІХ — початок ХХ ст. ) пов'язана з винаходом телеграфу, телефону, радіо, телебачення, що дозволяло оперативно, у великих обсягах передавати і накопичувати інформацію, передавати звукові та візуальні образи на великі віддалі. Останнє створило передумови ефекту «стискання простору»; четверта інформаційна революція (70-ті роки ХХ ст. ) зумовлена винаходом мікропроцесорної технології і персонального комп'ютера. Вона характеризується переходом від механічних, електричних засобів перетворення інформації до електронних та створення програмного забезпечення цього процесу. «Вінцем» цієї революції є поява всесвітньої мережі Інтернет, що уможливило інформаційний обмін в глобальних масштабах.
- 資訊革命（英語：Information Revolution），也被稱為第四次工業革命或第四次科技革命，是指由於資訊科技發展引起的社會及生活的變化。 自1980年代電腦通訊技術的急速發展引起社會形變及生活方式的急劇變化。這個革命被認為是與18世紀的工業革命同等重要。從人類的技術層面考慮，最初是在農業上引起的農業革命，接著的是工業上的工業革命，資訊革命就是此等革命後的第三次革命。 資訊革命將人類從工業社會帶領到情報社會。有人認為這有助將來民主社區發展，但亦有人對龐大的資訊世界感到恐懼。
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